| 31. |
- Jarvis, S., et al.
(författare)
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Case gender and severity in cerebral palsy varies with intrauterine growth
- 2005
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Ingår i: Arch Dis Child. - 1468-2044. ; 90:5, s. 474-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: There is an unexplained excess of cerebral palsy among male babies. There is also variation in the proportion of more severe cases by birth weight. It has recently been shown that the rate of cerebral palsy increases as intrauterine size deviates up or down from an optimum about one standard deviation heavier than population mean weight-for-gestation. AIMS: To determine whether the gender ratio or the severity of cases also varies with intrauterine size. METHODS: A total of 3454 cases of cerebral palsy among single births between 1976 and 1990 with sufficient data to assign case severity (based on intellectual impairment and walking ability) and to compare weight-for-gestation at birth to sex specific fetal growth standards, were aggregated from nine separate registers in five European countries. RESULTS: The greater the degree to which growth deviates either up or down from optimal weight-for-gestation at birth, the higher is the rate of cerebral palsy, the larger is the proportion of male cases, and the more severe is the functional disability. Compared to those with optimum growth the risk of more severe cerebral palsy in male babies is 16 times higher for those with a birth weight below the 3rd centile and four times higher when birth weight is above the 97th centile. In contrast, for mild cerebral palsy in female babies the excess risks at these growth extremes are about half these magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Among singleton children with cerebral palsy, abnormal intrauterine size, either small or large, is associated with more severe disability and male sex.
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| 32. |
- Ogneva, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Particulate organic matter in the Lena River and its delta : from thepermafrost catchment to the Arctic Ocean
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 20:7, s. 1423-1441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid Arctic warming accelerates permafrost thaw, causing an additional release of terrestrial organic matter (OM) into rivers and, ultimately, after transport via deltas and estuaries, to the Arctic Ocean nearshore. The majority of our understanding of nearshore OM dynamics and fate has been developed from freshwater rivers despite the likely impact of highly dynamic estuarine and deltaic environments on the transformation, storage, and age of OM delivered to coastal waters. Here, we studied particulate organic carbon (POC) dynamics in the Lena River delta and compared them with POC dynamics in the Lena River main stem along a similar to 1600 km long transect from Yakutsk, downstream to the delta. We measured POC, total suspended matter (TSM), and carbon isotopes (delta C-13 and Delta C-14) in POC to compare riverine and deltaic OM composition and changes in OM source and fate during transport offshore. We found that TSM and POC concentrations decreased by 70% during transit from the main stem to the delta and Arctic Ocean. We found deltaic POC to be strongly depleted in C-13 relative to fluvial POC. Dual-carbon (Delta C-14 and delta C-13) isotope mixing model analyses indicated a significant phytoplankton contribution to deltaic POC (similar to 68 +/- 6 %) and suggested an additional input of permafrost-derived OM into deltaic waters (similar to 18 +/- 4% of deltaic POC originates from Pleistocene deposits vs. similar to 5 +/- 4% in the river main stem). Despite the lower concentration of POC in the delta than in the main stem (0.41 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.30 mg L-1, respectively), the amount of POC derived from Yedoma deposits in deltaic waters was almost twice as large as the amount of POC of Yedoma origin in the main stem (0.07 +/- 0.02 and 0.04 +/- 0.02 mg L-1, respectively). We assert that estuarine and deltaic processes require consideration in order to correctly understand OM dynamics throughout Arctic nearshore coastal zones and how these processes may evolve under future climate-driven change.
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| 33. |
- Pfeffer, Paul E., et al.
(författare)
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Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0019-2805 .- 1365-2567. ; 153:4, s. 502-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations between elevated concentrations of urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are both associated with viral respiratory infections. The effects of UPM on dendritic cell (DC) -stimulated CD4 T lymphocytes have been investigated previously, but little work has focused on CD8 T-lymphocyte responses despite their importance in anti-viral immunity. To address this, we examined the effects of UPM on DC-stimulated naive CD8 T-cell responses. Expression of the maturation/activation markers CD83, CCR7, CD40 and MHC class I on human myeloid DCs (mDCs) was characterized by flow cytometry after stimulation with UPM in vitro in the presence/absence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The capacity of these mDCs to stimulate naive CD8 T-lymphocyte responses in allogeneic co-culture was then assessed by measuring T-cell cytokine secretion using cytometric bead array, and proliferation and frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Treatment of mDCs with UPM increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, but not MHC class I. In allogeneic co-cultures, UPM treatment of mDCs enhanced CD8 T-cell proliferation and the frequency of IFN-γ+ cells. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-13, Granzyme A and Granzyme B were also increased. GM-CSF alone, and in concert with UPM, enhanced many of these T-cell functions. The PM-induced increase in Granzyme A was confirmed in a human experimental diesel exposure study. These data demonstrate that UPM treatment of mDCs enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes and increases production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such UPM-induced stimulation of CD8 cells may potentiate T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses upon concurrent airway infection, increasing bystander damage to the airways.
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