| 21. |
- Ardalan, Maryam, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid effects of S-ketamine on the morphology of hippocampal astrocytes and BDNF serum levels in a sex-dependent manner
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Neuropsychopharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-977X .- 1873-7862. ; 32, s. 94-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in women than men. Importantly, a differential behavioral response by sex to the antidepressant response to ketamine in rodents has been reported. Mechanistically, male depressed-like animals showed an increased spine density after ketamine treatment via restoration of synaptic protein levels while those proteins were not altered in female rats. In addition, preclinical studies indicate that the impairment of astrocytic plasticity is one of the contributing mechanisms in the pathophysiology of MDD. Accordingly, in this study, we determined the effect of sex on the rapid morphological alteration of hippocampal astrocytes and the serum level of BDNF one hour after S-ketamine injection. A single intraperitoneal dose of S-ketamine (15 mg/kg) or saline was injected to the male and female Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a genetic animal model of depression and their brains were perfused one hour after treatment. The size of the GFAP positive astrocytes in the hippocampal subregions was measured. The volume of different hippocampal subregions was assessed using the Cavalieri estimator. Moreover, serum levels of BDNF were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The volume of hippocampal subregions significantly increased one hour after S-ketamine in both male and female FSL animals. However, a substantial alteration in the morphology of the hippocampal astrocytes was observed only in the female rats. Additionally, significantly increased serum BDNF levels in the female depressed rats were observed one hour after S-ketamine treatment. Our results indicate that the rapid effects of S-ketamine on the morphology of the hippocampal astrocytes and the serum level of BDNF are sex-dependent.
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| 22. |
- Bendz, H., et al.
(författare)
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Kidney damage in long-term lithium patients : A cross-sectional study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium
- 1994
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Ingår i: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. - 0931-0509. ; 9:9, s. 1357-1357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The renal risks associated with long-term lithium treatment are a growing concern. We have therefore studied renal function by means of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and maximum urinary concentrating capacity (Umax) in 142 of 215 patients with more than 15 years of lithium treatment in nine psychiatric clinics. Data on psychiatric and somatic diseases, hospital admissions, cumulative lithium doses, and other psychotropic treatments were extracted from the medical records. The patients were investigated according to a standardized protocol. GFR was measured as51Cr EDTA clearance and Umax using the DDAVP test. Thirteen patients had had signs of lithium intoxication. GFR was reduced in 21% of the patients and Umax in 44%. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was present in 12%. Umax but not GFR was inversely correlated to the cumulative lithium dose. Kidney function was more reduced in patients on lithium combined with psychotropic treatment and/or concomitant treatment for somatic disorders. Thirst was a complaint of 53% of the patients, predominantly those with additional psychotropics. We conclude that kidney damage is common in patients on long-term lithium treatment and that both glomerular and tubular function are affected.
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