| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Hartvigsson, Thomas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Error trawling and fringe decision competence: Ethical hazards in monitoring and addressing patient decision capacity in clinical practice
- 2018
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Ingår i: Clinical Ethics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-7509 .- 1758-101X. ; 13:3, s. 126-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses how health professionals should monitor and safeguard their patients’ ability to participate in making clinical decisions and making subsequent decisions regarding the implementation of their treatment plan. Patient participation in clinical decision-making is essential, e.g. in self-care, where patients are responsible for most ongoing care. We argue that one common, fact-oriented patient education strategy may in practice easily tend to take a destructive form that we call error trawling. Illustrating with empirical findings from a video study of consultations between clinicians and adolescent patients with diabetes, we argue on independent grounds that this strategy not only risks to overlook significant weaknesses in patient decision competence, but also to undermine patient capacity for decision-making and implementing care. In effect, this strategy for clinically monitoring and addressing the problem of fragile decision-making capacity brings hazards in need of address. We close by suggesting complementary and alternative strategies, and comment on how these may call for broadened competency among clinical health professionals.
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| 44. |
- Hartvigsson, Thomas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Etiska aspekter
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psykosociala insatser för att förebygga och minska gängkriminalitet bland barn och unga vuxna. SBU Utvärderar 369.. - Stockholm : Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). - 9789198755466 ; , s. 60-66
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Huvudbudskap Forskning visar att det finns insatser som involverar socialtjänst eller motsvarande som kan minska skjutvapenvåld, medlemskap i gäng och fortsatt kriminalitet bland unga personer. Slutsatser Efter att ha gått igenom den samlade vetenskapliga litteraturen har SBU dragit följande slutsatser: Färdighetsträning i skolan för elever på mellanstadiet (t.ex. konfliktlösning) kan förebygga medlemskap i gäng och bärande av vapen. Insatser av typen fokuserad avskräckning1 bland gängkriminella minskar skjutvapenvåld med en fjärdedel, över en tid av i genomsnitt cirka tre år. Psykosociala insatser till gängkriminella under frivård (t.ex. missbruksbehandling, stöd att söka arbete) kan minska fortsatt kriminalitet med knappt hälften upp till ett år efter avslutad insats. Insatser mot öppna drogmarknader i form av fokuserad avskräckning kan minska narkotikabrottslighet med cirka en tredjedel, över en tid av i genomsnitt ett och ett halvt år. Insatser med osäker effektivitet eller osäkra risker i form av stigmatisering och urholkat förtroende för viktiga samhällsfunktioner behöver utvärderas. 1. För att minska våld riktar samhället sina resurser mot de mest våldsdrivande individerna och de gäng de tillhör. De informeras om att våldet måste upphöra, vilka konsekvenser fortsatt våld kommer att ge samt erbjuder stöd till de som vill lämna det kriminella livet. Hur kan de viktigaste resultaten förstås? Nästan alla studier är genomförda i USA. Det kan påverka resultatens relevans i Sverige. Det enda säkra sättet att avgöra om insatserna fungerar även här är genom att låta införa och utvärdera insatserna i Sverige. I rapporten redovisas tre typer av insatser för att motverka gängrelaterad kriminalitet. Universella insatser ges brett till många personer, till exempel till alla elever vid en skola. Selektiva insatser erbjuds personer med en förhöjd risk för gängrelaterad kriminalitet. Indikerade insatser är inriktade mot gängkriminella personer. Det kan handla om kriminalvård, insatser mot öppna drogmarknader, och fokuserad avskräckning. Insatserna kan vara frivilliga eller ske med tvång. Resultaten tyder på att de indikerade insatserna är lika i flera avseenden. Framför allt förekommer samverkan mellan organisationer. Totalt förekommer tio olika delar, så kallade komponenter, som i varierande omfattning utgör de indikerade insatserna. Den vanligaste komponenten är psykosocialt stöd från socialtjänst, som förekom i alla utom en insats. Andra vanliga komponenter är tydliga förväntningar på gängmedlemmar och tydliga sanktioner. Underlaget är för litet för mer riktade analyser om några komponenter är viktigare än andra. Vad handlar rapporten om? Det primära syftet är att utvärdera psykosociala insatser som ska motverka barns och ungas medlemskap i gäng, attityder till gäng och gängrelaterad kriminalitet. Insatserna kan ges av socialtjänst eller andra relevanta aktörer (t.ex. kriminalvård, skola, polis, civilsamhälle). Rapporten belyser också etiska aspekter som kan vara aktuella när insatserna används. Det finns insatser där det inte har gått att vetenskapligt bedöma effekterna. Det gäller insatser som enbart ges på fångvårdsanstalt, familjebaserade insatser för antisociala tonåringar, medling, och insatser mot öppna drogmarknader för att minska skjutvapenvåld. Vilka studier ligger till grund för resultaten? Resultatet baseras på 43 studier om psykosociala insatser till barn och unga vuxna under 30 år. Studierna har publicerats mellan år 2001 och april 2023 i vetenskapliga tidskrifter. Endast studier med en jämförelsegrupp i form av standardbehandling har inkluderats.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Heilinger, Jan-Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Public Health Ethics and Covid-19: The ethical dimensions of public health decision-making during a pandemic
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Covid-19 pandemic forces policy makers and public health authorities to make ethically challenging decisions, often under conditions of uncertainty and under time pressure. In times of pandemics, ethical accountability is more important, not less. Understanding and handling of ethical problems require grounding in ethical theory and decision models, in combination with relevant facts from medicine, public health, law, economics, politics, etc. The perspective of public health ethics includes considerations from all ethical domains of relevance in a pandemic situation. This foundational policy brief provides an overview of the fundamental ethical dimensions of public health decision-making in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. It references important existing ethical frameworks, some of which are based on extensive stakeholder vetting and public consultation. Its goal is to support decision-making that is justified and communicated as required by basic democratic principles and in the light of diverse values and norms present in democratic societies. These, however, may conflict with one another, making difficult trade-offs inevitable. Further policy briefs on specific topics will be consecutively developed by this ethics working group, including on ethical decision-making in policy and practice under conditions of uncertainty, ethics of vaccination, ethics of Covid-19-related contract-tracing apps, ethics of Covid-19 and age, ethics of experimental treatment, refugee health ethics and Covid-19.
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| 47. |
- Heintz, Emelie, et al.
(författare)
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FRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF ETHICAL ASPECTS OF HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGIES: THE SBU APPROACH
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0266-4623 .- 1471-6348. ; 31:3, s. 124-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Assessment of ethical aspects of a technology is an important component of health technology assessment (HTA). Nevertheless, how the implementation of ethical assessment in HTA is to be organized and adapted to specific regulatory and organizational settings remains unclear. The objective of this study is to present a framework for systematic identification of ethical aspects of health technologies. Furthermore, the process of developing and adapting the framework to a specific setting is described. Methods: The framework was developed based on an inventory of existing approaches to identification and assessment of ethical aspects in HTA. In addition, the framework was adapted to the Swedish legal and organizational healthcare context, to the role of the HTA agency and to the use of non-ethicists. The framework was reviewed by a group of ethicists working in the field as well as by a wider set of interested parties including industry, interest groups, and other potential users. Results: The framework consists of twelve items with sub-questions, short explanations, and a concluding overall summary. The items are organized into four different themes: the effects of the intervention on health, its compatibility with ethical norms, structural factors with ethical implications, and long term ethical consequences of using the intervention. Conclusions: In this study, a framework for identifying ethical aspects of health technologies is proposed. The general considerations and methodological approach to this venture will hopefully inspire and present important insights to organizations in other national contexts interested in making similar adaptations.
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| 48. |
- Herlitz, Anders, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Family-Centeredness as Resource and Complication in Outpatient Care with Weak Adherence, Using Adolescent Diabetes Care as a Case in Point
- 2019
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Ingår i: What about the family? : practices of responsibility in care / edited by Marian A. Verkerk, Hilde Lindemann, and Janice McLaughlin.. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780190624880 ; , s. 137-146
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Care for adolescent patients with diabetes type 1 is a recognized challenge, with known adherence problems in a context where home-/self-care and continuous vital need of day-to-day life-style adjustment. The recommended care regimen often gives rise to conflicts with broader personal and social needs and desires, and in case of weak adherence negative spirals of undermined self-confidence and/or emotional denial further deteriorating the situation may result. The need to adjust care to the specific situation is accepted within the pediatric diabetes professional community, accepting a commitment to person centeredness involving alliance with the family as a critical part. Yet, families can be involved in different ways and the issue of how to involve families and what ethical tensions that may actualize is largely unexplored. Standard models of person- and family-centeredness tell us little about how to involve family members in care similar to that of diabetes. We have elsewhere proposed an alternative approach more attuned to such circumstances, aiming at empowering patients' long-term capacities to manage their condition domestically. This “counselling, self-care, adherence (CSA) approach” offers a look at the role that family can play to improve these types of care. We will illustrate how family members can assist in the care of teenagers with diabetes, but that there are also serious risks actualized by such involvement. In particular, we will highlight ethical complications that arise when the role of a family member is changed from “parent” to “care provider.”
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| 49. |
- Herlitz, Anders, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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‘Green’ bioethics widens the scope of eligible values and overrides patient demand: comment on Parker
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 49:2, s. 100-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is welcome to have concrete attempts to analyse the implications of environmental sustainability in clinical ethics. We discuss two interrelated weaknesses of Parker's article. These relate to the need in "green" bioethics to see beyond the normal healthcare ethical focus on health-related values related to individual patients, and to primarily adopt institutional ways of framing central decision problems.
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| 50. |
- Herlitz, Anders, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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The Counseling, Self-care, Adherence Approach to Person-centered Care and Shared Decision Making: Moral Psychology, Executive Autonomy, and Ethics in Multi-dimensional Care Decisions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Health Communication. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1041-0236 .- 1532-7027. ; 31:8, s. 964-973
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that standard models of person-centred care (PCC) and shared decision making (SDM) rely on simplistic, often unrealistic assumptions of patient capacities that entail that PCC/SDM might have detrimental effects in many applications. We suggest a complementary PCC/SDM approach to ensure that patients are able to execute rational decisions taken jointly with care professionals when performing self-care. Illustrated by concrete examples from a study of adolescent diabetes care, we suggest a combination of moral and psychological considerations to support the claim that standard PCC/SDM threatens to systematically undermine its own goals. This threat is due to a tension between the ethical requirements of SDM in ideal circumstances and more long-term needs actualized by the context of self-care handled by patients with limited capacities for taking responsibility and adhere to their own rational decisions. To improve this situation, we suggest a counseling, self-care, adherence approach to PCC/SDM, where more attention is given to how treatment goals are internalized by patients, how patients perceive choice situations, and what emotional feedback patients are given. This focus may involve less of a concentration on autonomous and rational clinical decision making otherwise stressed in standard PCC/SDM advocacy.
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