| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- Juth, Niklas, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
The Ethics of Screening in Health Care and Medicine: Serving Society or Serving the Patient?
- 2012
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medical or health-oriented screening programs are amongst the most debated aspects of health care and public health practices in health care and public health ethics, as well as health policy discussions. In spite of this, most treatments of screening in the research literature restrict themselves to isolated scientific aspects, sometimes complemented by economic analyses or loose speculations regarding policy aspects. At the same time, recent advances in medical genetics and technology, as well as a rapidly growing societal focus on public health concerns, inspires an increase in suggested or recently started screening programs. This book involves an in-depth analysis of the ethical, political and philosophical issues related to health-oriented screening programs. It explores the considerations that arise when heath care interacts with other societal institutions on a large scale, as is the case with screening: What values may be promoted or compromised by screening programs? What conflicts of values do typically arise – both internally and in relation to the goals of health care, on the one hand, and the goals of public health and the general society, on the other? What aspects of screening are relevant for determining whether it should be undertaken or not and how it should be organised in order to remain defensible? What implications does the ethics of screening have for health care ethics as a whole? These questions are addressed by applying philosophical methods of conceptual analysis, as well as models and theories from moral and political philosophy, medical ethics, and public health ethics, to a large number of ongoing and proposed screening programs which makes this book the first comprehensive work on the ethics of screening. Analyses and suggestions are made that are of potential interest to health care staff, medical researchers, policy makers and the general public.
|
|
| 47. |
- Kihlbom, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Health Care Decisions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Verkerk M, Lindemann H, Mclaughlin J (eds.) What About the Family? Practices of Responsibility in Care.. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780190624880 ; , s. 118-136
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health care decisions about investigation, diagnosis, and treatment may involve, engage, or affect family relations and family members of a patient in a variety of ways. This complicates the assessment of how options affect patients, and may furthermore elicit independent effect on professionals through expected actions of family members. Moreover, due to the close and intimate nature of family relationships, considerations about such aspects may be concern both clinical professionals, patients, and family members independently of how they actually manifest themselves in terms of effects on length and quality of life, autonomy and so on. In particular, decisions can be expected to both be influenced by and affect family members’ conceptions of mutual responsibilities making up the basic moral web of families, as pictured in the outset of this volume. Irrespective of how family responsibilities are allocated or what the legal requirements around medical decision-making are in place in different particular situations, health care professionals are almost always expected to play an important role in the decision-making process. The aim of this chapter is to outline how different relational aspects of families may ground obligations on behalf of health care professionals towards patients and their families in the processes of decision-making within health-care.
|
|
| 48. |
- Knutsson, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
A Virtue of Precaution Regarding the Moral Status of Animals with Uncertain Sentience
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 30:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We address the moral importance of fish, invertebrates such as crustaceans, snails and insects, and other animals about which there is qualified scientific uncertainty about their sentience. We argue that, on a sentientist basis, one can at least say that how such animals fare make ethically significant claims on our character. It is a requirement of a morally decent (or virtuous) person that she at least pays attention to and is cautious regarding the possibly morally relevant aspects of such animals. This involves having a moral stance, in the sense of patterns of perception, such that one notices such animals as being morally relevant in various situations. For the person who does not already consider these animals in this way, this could be a big change in moral psychology, and can be assumed to have behavioural consequences, albeit indeterminate. Character has been largely neglected in the literature, which focuses on act-centred approaches (i.e. that the evidence on sentience supports, or does not support, taking some specific action). We see our character-centred approach as complementary to, not superior to, act-centred approaches. Our approach has the advantage of allowing us to make ethically interesting and practically relevant claims about a wider range of cases, but it has the drawback of providing less specific action guidance.
|
|
| 49. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Antibiotikaresistens och socialismens återkomst
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi. - 1402-2710. ; 24:3, s. 3-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna artikel diskuterar vi hur de svårigheter som finns med att hantera fenomenet antibiotikaresistens aktualiserar socialistiska lösningar på centrala samhällsutmaningar. Efter en kort inledning där vi förklarar vad vi avser med socialism i artikeln och beskriver socialismens plats i nutida politisk debatt, följer ett avsnitt där vi översiktligt beskriver den samhällsutmaning som antibiotikaresistens utgör. Därefter diskuterar vi hur denna utmaning på olika vis ger tyngd åt argument för socialistiska lösningar på centrala åtgärdsområden. Avslutningsvis resonerar vi mer spekulativt kring dels i vad mån dessa argument kan utsträckas till andra strukturella samhällsutmaningar, t.ex. klimatfrågan, dels vad sådan socialistisk argumentation kan betyda för socialismens plats i framtida politisk filosofi.
|
|
| 50. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human use and the Polluter Pays Principle
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Public Health Ethics. - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 16:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human consumption of pharmaceuticals often leads to environmental release of residues via urine and faeces, creating environmental and public health risks. Policy responses must consider the normative question how responsibilities for managing such risks, and costs and burdens associated with that management, should be distributed between actors. Recently, the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been advanced as rationale for such distribution. While recognizing some advantages of PPP, we highlight important ethical and practical limitations with applying it in this context: PPP gives ambiguous and arbitrary guidance due to difficulties in identifying the salient polluter. Moreover, when PPP does identify responsible actors, these may be unable to avoid or mitigate their contribution to the pollution, only able to avoid/mitigate it at excessive cost to themselves or others, or excusably ignorant of contributing. These limitations motivate a hybrid framework where PPP, which emphasizes holding those causing large-scale problems accountable, is balanced by the Ability to Pay Principle (APP), which emphasizes efficiently managing such problems. In this framework, improving wastewater treatment and distributing associated financial costs across water consumers or taxpayers stand out as promising responses to pharmaceutical pollution from human use. However, sound policy depends on empirical considerations requiring further study.
|
|
