| 81. |
- Nilsson, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Weather, climate, and climate change research to protect human health in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 14
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weather, climate, and climate change are affecting human health, with scientific evidence increasing substantially over the past two decades, but with very limited research from low- and middle-income countries. The health effects of climate change occur mainly because of the consequences of rising temperatures, rising sea levels, and an increase in extreme weather events. These exposures interact with demographic, socio-economic, and environmental factors, as well as access to and the quality of health care, to affect the magnitude and pattern of risks. Health risks are unevenly distributed around the world, and within countries and across population groups. Existing health challenges and inequalities are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. This narrative review provides an overview of the health impacts of weather, climate, and climate change, particularly on vulnerable regions and populations in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and discusses the importance of protecting human health in a changing climate; such measures are critical to reducing poverty and inequality at all scales. Three case summaries from the INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems highlight examples of research that quantified associations between weather and health outcomes. These and comparable surveillance systems can provide critical knowledge to increase resilience and decrease inequalities in an increasingly warming world.
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| 82. |
- Nilsson, Roddy, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Inledning
- 2016. - 1
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Ingår i: Inspärrad. - Lund : Nordic Academic Press. - 9789188168405 ; , s. 11-36
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 83. |
- Nylander, Ingrid, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for a Link Between Fkbp5/FKBP5, Early Life Social Relations and Alcohol Drinking in Young Adult Rats and Humans
- 2017
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Ingår i: Molecular Neurobiology. - : Humana Press. - 0893-7648 .- 1559-1182. ; 54:8, s. 6225-6234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol misuse has been linked to dysregulation of stress, emotion, and reward brain circuitries. A candidate key mediator of this association is the FK506-binding protein (FKBP5), a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. The aim of the present study was to further understand the Fkbp5/FKBP5-related genetic underpinnings underlying the relationship between early life social relations and alcohol drinking. The effect of maternal separation and voluntary alcohol drinking on Fkbp5 expression was investigated in the brain of young adult rats, whereas the interaction effect of the functional FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 genotype and parent-child relationship on problematic drinking was examined in young adult humans. In rats, Fkbp5 expression in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, core regions of the reward system, was affected in a region-dependent manner and in opposite direction by maternal separation and alcohol drinking. Fkbp5 expression in the cingulate cortex was affected by the combined effect of maternal separation and alcohol drinking. In humans, the TT genotype, in the presence of a poor relationship between the child and parents, was associated with problematic drinking behavior. The present findings suggest that Fkbp5 expression in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic regions associates with early life stress-mediated sensitivity to alcohol drinking and that FKBP5 genotype interacts with parent-child relationship to influence alcohol drinking. These findings are the first to point to a role of FKBP5 in propensity to alcohol misuse and call for studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms to identify potential drug targets.
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| 84. |
- Näslund, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Visualization of asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease for optimum cardiovascular prevention (VIPVIZA) : a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 393:10167, s. 133-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease often fails because of poor adherence among practitioners and individuals to prevention guidelines. We aimed to investigate whether ultrasound-based pictorial information about subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, targeting both primary care physicians and individuals, improves prevention.METHODS: Visualization of asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease for optimum cardiovascular prevention (VIPVIZA) is a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial that was integrated within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme, an ongoing population-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme in northern Sweden. Individuals aged 40, 50, or 60 years with one or more conventional risk factors were eligible to participate. Participants underwent clinical examination, blood sampling, and ultrasound assessment of carotid intima media wall thickness and plaque formation. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 with a computer-generated randomisation list to an intervention group (pictorial representation of carotid ultrasound plus a nurse phone call to confirm understanding) or a control group (not informed). The primary outcomes, Framingham risk score (FRS) and European systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE), were assessed after 1 year among participants who were followed up. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01849575.FINDINGS: 3532 individuals were enrolled between April 29, 2013, and June 7, 2016, of which 1783 were randomly assigned to the control group and 1749 were assigned to the intervention group. 3175 participants completed the 1-year follow-up. At the 1-year follow-up, FRS and SCORE differed significantly between groups (FRS 1·07 [95% CI 0·11 to 2·03, p=0·0017] and SCORE 0·16 [0·02 to 0·30, p=0·0010]). FRS decreased from baseline to the 1-year follow-up in the intervention group and increased in the control group (-0·58 [95% CI -0·86 to -0·30] vs 0·35 [0·08 to 0·63]). SCORE increased in both groups (0·13 [95% CI 0·09 to 0·18] vs 0·27 [0·23 to 0·30]).INTERPRETATION: This study provides evidence of the contributory role of pictorial presentation of silent atherosclerosis for prevention of cardiovascular disease. It supports further development of methods to reduce the major problem of low adherence to medication and lifestyle modification.
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| 85. |
- Olsson, Mattias, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sorption of Pu(III-IV) onto TiO2: A Preliminary Study
- 2003
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Ingår i: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. - 155899694X ; 757, s. 517-522
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A preliminary study of the sorption of reduced plutonium (III-IV) onto TiO2 has been done under anoxic conditions at varying pH and ionic strength. The first approach was to study tetravalent Pu, but the sorption decreases with time in this case. This is probably due to disproportionation of Pu(IV) at the TiO2 surface, which then acts as a catalyst. A further observation that supports this explanation is that the sorption of Pu(IV) onto the walls of the experimental equipment is in some cases higher than the sorption of (disproportioned) Pu onto the oxide.Pu(III) sorption onto the oxide was also investigated and showed similarities with the previously investigated sorption of Pm(III) in a similar system.
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| 86. |
- Olsson, Mattias, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sorption of trivalent plutonium onto UO2 and the effect of the solid phase on the Pu oxidation state
- 2005
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Ingår i: Radiochimica Acta. ; 93, s. 341-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A problem with plutonium in sorption studiesis its tendency to occur in a mix of oxidation states. Thiswork was a study of the sorption of plutonium on the solidphase UO2 in a perchlorate medium as a function of pH where plutonium is kept in its trivalent oxidation state.Experiments also showed that uranium(IV) oxide can reducePu(IV) to Pu(III) in an acidic solution and maintain it in thatstate. It was observed at the same time that the chemicallyinert solid phases TiO2 and ThO2 possibly increase the rateof disproportionation of Pu(IV) at a pH of about 0.5. Inaccordance with previous studies MnO2 was found to have anoxidizing effect, converting Pu(IV) into Pu(VI).A comparison is made between the sorption of Th(IV),Pu(III) and Co(II) on UO2 and TiO2, and Pu(VI) on TiO2.
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| 87. |
- Ramji, Rathi, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of waterpipe use amongst adolescents in Northern Sweden : a survey of use pattern, risk perception, and environmental factors
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC Research Notes. - : BioMed Central. - 1756-0500. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Determinants of waterpipe use in adolescents are believed to differ from those for other tobacco products, but there is a lack of studies of possible social, cultural, or psychological aspects of waterpipe use in this population. This study applied a socioecological model to explore waterpipe use, and its relationship to other tobacco use in Swedish adolescents.METHODS: A total of 106 adolescents who attended an urban high-school in northern Sweden responded to an anonymous questionnaire. Prevalence rates for waterpipe use were examined in relation to socio-demographics, peer pressure, sensation seeking behavior, harm perception, environmental factors, and depression.RESULTS: Thirty-three percent reported ever having smoked waterpipe (ever use), with 30 % having done so during the last 30 days (current use). Among waterpipe ever users, 60 % had ever smoked cigarettes in comparison to 32 % of non-waterpipe smokers (95 % confidence interval 1.4-7.9). The odds of having ever smoked waterpipe were three times higher among male high school seniors as well as students with lower grades. Waterpipe ever users had three times higher odds of having higher levels of sensation-seeking (95 % confidence interval 1.2-9.5) and scored high on the depression scales (95 % confidence interval 1.6-6.8) than non-users. The odds of waterpipe ever use were four times higher for those who perceived waterpipe products to have pleasant smell compared to cigarettes (95 % confidence interval 1.7-9.8). Waterpipe ever users were twice as likely to have seen waterpipe use on television compared to non-users (95 % confidence interval 1.1-5.7). The odds of having friends who smoked regularly was eight times higher for waterpipe ever users than non-users (95 % confidence interval 2.1-31.2).CONCLUSION: The current study reports a high use of waterpipe in a select group of students in northern Sweden. The study adds the importance of looking at socioecological determinants of use, including peer pressure and exposure to media marketing, as well as mental health among users.
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| 88. |
- Ramji, Rathi, et al.
(författare)
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Taking a Stand : An Untapped Strategy to Reduce Waterpipe Smoking in Adolescents
- 2019
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 54:3, s. 514-524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Waterpipe use amongst adolescents is on the rise globally. Thus, there is a need to understand adolescents 'attitudes towards and perceptions of waterpipe use in order to develop specific interventions against this form of tobacco use. Methods: Focus group interviews were conducted among 37 Swedish adolescents (14 boys and 23 girls) from grades 10 to 12. Waterpipe users and nonusers were interviewed separately, with two groups each for users and nonusers. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and thematically analyzed using content analysis. Results: Six themes emerged including taking a stand, weighing the risks, Lack of knowledge, Social context, Waterpipe new and unknown, and Family influence. Taking a stand was about being able to stand up for one's owns views rather than giving in to peer pressure to smoke waterpipe. Participants feared harming others via secondhand smoke and expressed criticism of the tobacco industry. Participants considered the health consequences and feared addiction. Lack of knowledge concerning health effects of waterpipe smoking due to the unavailability of credible information was also reported. Waterpipe smoking was considered a social event carried out in the company of friends. Perceived as novel and fun, waterpipe was smoked out of curiosity. Parents' and siblings' smoking behaviors influenced adolescent waterpipe use. Conclusion: Adolescents reported lacking information about the possible health effects of waterpipe smoking and that gaining such knowledge would make it easier for them to take a stand and refuse smoking waterpipe. Prevention strategies should focus on providing adolescents with factual information about the dangers of waterpipe use.
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| 89. |
- Richardsen Moberg, Karen, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers, emotions, and motivational levers for lifestyle transformation in Norwegian household decarbonization pathways
- 2021
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - Switzerland : Springer. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meeting the Paris Agreement targets requires strong near-term climate change mitigation in all sectors of the economy. Increasing demand-side emission abatement efforts is one important area to pursue, yet there are significant barriers that must be overcome in order to realize its potential. We ask: What barriers may be hindering deep emissions reduction at the household level? What kinds of levers are available to achieve emission reductions? Based on an original and extensive qualitative dataset, our in-depth study of households in Bergen, Norway, shows that individuals perceive they are confronted with considerable individual, economic, and infrastructural barriers that prevent them from taking deep mitigation actions. Our results however also suggest that some barriers can be overcome with motivational levers such as the availability of more sustainable alternatives, support networks and by the positive emotions felt when having a positive impact on the environment. Other barriers are more difficult to overcome, pointing to the overarching lesson from our study that households will need to be forced or incentivized beyond voluntary efforts to achieve rapid and comprehensive decarbonization. The current policy approach, aimed mostly at nudging for voluntary mitigation actions, is wholly inadequate to achieve significant emission reductions. Our study indicates that households are open for increasingly including more “sticks” into climate policymaking. While there are significant challenges to individuals taking stronger mitigation action, these can be overcome by strengthening government policies targeting the patterns and, importantly, volumes of household consumption.
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| 90. |
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