| 11. |
- Myhrene Steffenak, Anne Kjersti, 1955-
(författare)
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Mental Distress and Psychotropic Drug Use among Young People, and Public Health Nurses` Conceptions of Their Roles
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to study mental distress, health and lifestyle habits, social factors and psychotropic drug use by young people, and how PHNs conceive their roles in relation to this.Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Study I included data from the Norwegian Youth Health Study (NYHS, 11 620 participants, aged 15-16 years) (2000–2003) linked to the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) (2004–2009). Study II included prescription data on psychotropic drugs among 15-16 year olds from the NorPD (2006–2010). Eight young people were interviewed and qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data (III). Study IV included interviews with 20 Public Health Nurses (PHN), and was analysed using a phenomenographic approach.Main results: Mental distress was reported among 15.5% of the adolescents non-users of psychotropic drugs, 75% of whom were girls. In both genders reporting mental distress, incident psychotropic use was higher one to nine years, up to 27.7% among girls, as compared with the rest of the participants. In addition, health, lifestyle habits and social factors were associated with incident use (I). Psychotropic drug use increased during 2006–2010, hypnotics and melatonin accounted for most of the increase. In total, 16.4% of all incident psychotropic drug users in 2007 were still having prescriptions dispensed in 2010 (II). Young people experience both beneficial and undesired effects from psychotropic drugs. Access to professional support and follow-up was experienced as insufficient. Life with family, friends, school and work was influenced by psychotropic drug use, and they were afraid of being lonely and stigmatized (III). The PHNs conceived their roles in relation to young people as; the discovering PHNs who became aware of psychotropic drug use in the health dialogues and chose either to act or not to act in relation to this. Those PHNs who took action continued to be the cooperating PHNs who cooperated with the young people, their families, schools, and others. If cooperation was established, the supporting PHNs teach and support the young people in relation to psychotropic drug use (IV).Conclusions: Attention must be paid to poor mental health and increasing psychotropic drug use by young people. Advances in knowledge, treatment and follow-up are needed. The prevalence of mental distress among young people, with differences between the genders, as well as between socioeconomic groups, should have consequences for health promotion strategies. PHNs in Norway, working in health centres and schools, have responsibility and opportunity to identify and follow-up young people with mental health problems.
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| 12. |
- Swärd, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Polyamines inhibit myosin phosphatase and increase LC20 phosphorylation and force in smooth muscle
- 1995
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology. - 1522-1563. ; 269:3, s. 563-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increase in Ca(2+)-activated force caused by polyamines in beta-escin-permeabilized guinda pig ileum is shown to be associated with increased myosin 20-kDa light chain (LC20) phosphorylation and shortening velocity. Myosin LC20 dephosphorylation with arrested kinase activity was slower in the presence of 1 mM spermine. Smooth muscle phosphatases (SMP-I, -II, -III, and -IV) isolated from turkey gizzard are all active against phosphorylated LC20, but only SMP-III and -IV dephosphorylate heavy meromyosin (HMM). Spermine inhibited SMP-III activity toward LC20 but stimulated HMM dephosphorylation, whereas SMP-IV was inhibited with both substrates. In contrast, SMP-I and -II were stimulated by spermine. The relative effects of different polyamines correlated with an increasing number of positive charges. Spermine did not affect binding of SMP-IV to myosin and did not dissociate any of the subunits of the enzyme. Incubation of permeabilized strips with SMP-IV resulted in attenuated responses to Ca2+, an effect that was opposed by spermine and abolished by microcystin-LR. We conclude that spermine selectively inhibits myosin phosphatase activity and suggest that polyamines function as endogenous myosin phosphatase inhibitors.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Zeidan, Asad, et al.
(författare)
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Stretch-dependent modulation of contractility and growth in smooth muscle of rat portal vein
- 2000
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Ingår i: Circulation Research. - 0009-7330. ; 87:3, s. 228-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased intraluminal pressure of the rat portal vein in vivo causes hypertrophy and altered contractility in 1 to 7 days. We have used organ cultures to investigate mechanisms involved in this adaptation to mechanical load. Strips of rat portal vein were cultured for 3 days, either undistended or loaded by a weight. Length-force relations were shifted toward longer length in stretched cultured veins compared with freshly dissected veins, whereas the length-force relations of unstretched cultured veins were shifted in the opposite direction. This occurred after culture either with or without 10% FCS to promote growth. The wet weight of loaded veins increased by 56% in the presence of FCS, whereas that of undistended control veins increased by 24%. No weight increase was seen in serum-free culture. The dry/wet weight ratio decreased during culture with FCS but was not affected by stretch. Electron microscopy revealed increased cell cross-sectional area in stretched relative to unstretched veins, and protein contents were greater, as were [(3)H]thymidine and [(3)H]leucine incorporation rates. Growth responses were associated with the activation of stretch-sensitive extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and were inhibited by herbimycin A and PD 98059, inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. The results demonstrate that by culture of whole vascular tissue, smooth muscle cells are maintained in the contractile phenotype and respond to stretch with a physiological adaptation involving hypertrophy/hyperplasia and remodeling of the contractile system, similar to that in vivo. Mechanical stimulation and growth factors are both required for functionally significant growth.
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| 15. |
- Zeidan, Asad, et al.
(författare)
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Stretch-induced contractile differentiation of vascular smooth muscle: sensitivity to actin polymerization inhibitors.
- 2003
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 1522-1563 .- 0363-6143. ; 284:6, s. 1387-1396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Signaling mechanisms for stretch-dependent growth and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle were investigated in mechanically loaded rat portal veins in organ culture. Stretch-dependent protein synthesis was found to depend on endogenous release of angiotensin II. Autoradiography after [35S]methionine incorporation revealed stretch-dependent synthesis of several proteins, of which SM22 and actin were particularly prominent. Inhibition of RhoA activity by cell-permeant C3 toxin increased tissue mechanical compliance and reduced stretch-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation, growth, and synthesis of actin and SM22, suggesting a role of the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, inhibition of Rho-associated kinase by Y-27632 did not reduce ERK1/2 phosphorylation or actin and SM22 synthesis and did not affect tissue mechanical compliance but still inhibited overall growth. The actin polymerization inhibitors latrunculin B and cytochalasin D both inhibited growth and caused increased tissue compliance. Whereas latrunculin B concentration-dependently reduced actin and SM22 synthesis, cytochalasin D did so at low (10-8 M) but not at high (10-6 M) concentration. The results show that stretch stabilizes the contractile smooth muscle phenotype. Stretch-dependent differentiation marker expression requires an intact cytoskeleton for stretch sensing, control of protein expression via the level of unpolymerized G-actin, or both.
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