| 31. |
- CLAESDOTTER HYBBINETTE, EMMA, et al.
(författare)
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Gender specific differences in auditory brain stem response in young patients with ADHD
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropsychiatry. - 1758-2008. ; 6:1, s. 28-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in ABR between young females and young males with ADHD, compared to control subjects. Method: We studied 63 females with ADHD (mean 13.8 years), 26 female controls (mean 13.8years), 48 males with ADHD (mean 13.1 years), and 20 male controls (mean 12.8years). All patients were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV. An ABR consists of seven positive peaks (wave I–VII) 10 ms following a stimulus, recorded by electrodes on the mastoid processes of each ear and on the forehead. Results: When analysing the ABRs of the female ADHD patients 3 traits were identified; TR6, TR14 and TR15. The higher value in TR6 (p=0.000064) is explained as an aberrant thalamus profile. In TR14 (p=0.00059) presence of 3500 Hzfrequencies in the region from superior olivary complex to thalamus. TR15 (p=0.00035) represents more aberrant curve profiles in the region of the lateral leminiscus. In the ABR of the male patients we found we 3 traits; TR4, TR5 and TR14. TR 4 (p=0.00105) is a lower correlation to a norm curve in inferior colliculus and thalamic area. TR5 (p=0.00027) identifies irregular curve profiles representing the nucleus cochlea. TR14 (p=0.00013) presence of 3500 Hz-frequencies in the region from superior olivary complex to thalamus. Conclusion: Young females with ADHD exhibited a significantly different ABR in a region between cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex and in the thalamic region. In the male ADHD group ABR aberrancies were found in the midbrain region and in the more peripheral part; nucleus cocleus. The only trait that was significantly different between the ADHD group and the control subjects, for both male and females, was TR14. These data indicate both gender specific aberrations in the ABR in ADHD subjects as well as specific differences between ADHD subjects and normal controls.
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| 32. |
- Claesdotter-Knutsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Abnormal auditory brainstem response in the pons region in youth with autism
- 2019
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Ingår i: Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0941-9500. ; 32, s. 122-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of the article: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is an impairing neurodevelopmental disorder with an unknown etiology. The present study aims to investigate if the auditory brainstem response (ABR)to complex stimuli in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD can be a possible objective biomarker in autism. Materials and methods: The ABR of 39 youth with ASD (7–18 years)were compared to the ABR of 34 typically developed youth (TD). The ABR consists of seven positive peaks (waves I–VII)that occur during 10 Ms following a sound stimulus. Results: The amplitude of wave III (region 2.5–4.0 Ms)was higher in the ASD group compared to the TD group. The TD males showed a significant lower degree of correlation, between left and right ear compared to the ASD groups and the TD females. Conclusions: Altered auditory processing was evident in the pons region of the brainstem for the ASD group when compared to the TD group. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the neurobiology and assessment of autism spectrum disorder in youth.
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| 33. |
- Dahlgren, Sven-Olof, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Prosodic traits in speech produced by children with autism spectrum disorders – Perceptual and acoustic measurements
- 2018
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Ingår i: Autism & Developmental Language Impairments. - : SAGE Publications. - 2396-9415. ; 3, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Autism spectrum disorder has been associated with atypical voice characteristics and prosody. In the scientific literature, four different aspects of atypical speech production in autism spectrum disorder have been highlighted; voice quality together with the prosodic aspects pitch, duration and intensity. Studies of prosody in autism spectrum disorder have almost exclusively used perceptual methods. Recently, some studies have used acoustic analyses. In these studies, it has been pointed out that the acoustic differences found are not necessarily perceived as atypical by listeners, which is why it is important to let listeners evaluate perceptual correlates to acoustic findings. The aims of this study were to use both perceptual and acoustic analyses to study prosodic production in children with autism spectrum disorder and to examine if voice and speech characteristics could be used as clinical markers for autism spectrum disorder. Method: Eleven children within normal range of intelligence diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and 11 children with typical development participated. Every child was recorded telling a story elicited with the expression, reception and recall of narrative instrument. Excerpts of one minute were extracted from the audio files creating the material underlying the perceptual ratings and in the acoustic analysis. An evaluation procedure, partly based on a standardized voice evaluation procedure developed for clinical practice in Sweden, was designed for the perceptual judgments and analysis. To capture critical prosodic variables, aspects of prosody based on characteristic features of Swedish prosody, prosodic features known to cause Swedish children with language impairment particular problems and current research of prosodic impairments in children with autism, were used as rating variables. The acoustic analysis was based on the four variables fundamental frequency (fo) average, fo range, fo variation and speech rate, together with the language production-related variable number of words per utterance. Results: In the acoustic analysis, no differences were found with regards to fo-related variables or speech rate. However, the children in the autism spectrum disorder-group produced significantly more words per utterance than the typically developing children. The perceptual analysis showed no differences between the groups. Only three children with autism spectrum disorder were correctly identified as such. The narrative ability of these children, according to scores on the narrative assessment profile, was poorer than that of the other eight children. They were also more atypical in fluency and in speech rate. Given the small sample, the results should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions and implications: The only difference in prosodic production discovered in the acoustic analysis, namely that children with autism spectrum disorder used more words per utterance than the children in the comparison group, was not detected in the perceptual assessment. This implies that it was not perceived as atypical by expert listeners. The results indicate difficulties in using voice and speech characteristics as markers of autism spectrum disorder in clinical settings. The correct identification of some of the children as having autism spectrum disorder or not also indicates that some children with autism spectrum disorder have a prosodic production sufficiently ‘atypical’ in combination with a limited ability to tell stories to be perceived.
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| 34. |
- Delorme, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Mutation screening of NOS1AP gene in a large sample of psychiatric patients and controls.
- 2010
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2350. ; 11:1:108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The gene encoding carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1AP) is located on chromosome 1q23.3, a candidate region for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous genetic and functional studies explored the role of NOS1AP in these psychiatric conditions, but only a limited number explored the sequence variability of NOS1AP. METHODS: We analyzed the coding sequence of NOS1AP in a large population (n = 280), including patients with schizophrenia (n = 72), ASD (n = 81) or OCD (n = 34), and in healthy volunteers controlled for the absence of personal or familial history of psychiatric disorders (n = 93). RESULTS: Two non-synonymous variations, V37I and D423N were identified in two families, one with two siblings with OCD and the other with two brothers with ASD. These rare variations apparently segregate with the presence of psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Coding variations of NOS1AP are relatively rare in patients and controls. Nevertheless, we report the first non-synonymous variations within the human NOS1AP gene that warrant further genetic and functional investigations to ascertain their roles in the susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Dinkler, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Anorexia nervosa and autism: a prospective twin cohort study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 62:3, s. 316-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be phenotypically and etiologically linked. However, due to the absence of prospective studies, it remains unclear whether the elevation of autistic traits in AN is evident in early childhood. Here, we prospectively investigated autistic traits before and after the first diagnosis of AN. Methods: In a population-based sample of 5,987 individuals (52.4% female) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, parents reported autistic traits at ages 9 and 18. AN and ASD diagnoses were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. In addition, AN diagnoses were ascertained by parent-reported treatment for AN. We compared whether individuals with and without AN differed in autistic traits before the first diagnosis of AN (age 9) and after the first diagnosis of AN (age 18). Results: We did not find evidence for elevated autistic traits in 9-year-old children later diagnosed with AN. At age 18, however, there was a marked elevation in restricted/repetitive behavior and interests, but only in the subgroup of individuals with acute AN. A less pronounced elevation was observed for social communication problems. Conclusions: Coping strategies in individuals with ASD and the somewhat different female ASD phenotype may explain why we did not find elevated autistic traits in children who later developed AN. Alternatively, it is possible that elevated autistic traits were not present prior to the onset of AN, thus questioning the previously reported elevated prevalence of ASD in AN. Future studies should use tailored measurements in order to investigate whether autistic traits in individuals with AN are best conceptualized as an epiphenomenon of the acute AN phase or whether these symptoms indeed represent ASD as a clinically verifiable neurodevelopmental disorder.
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| 37. |
- Dinkler, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Association of etiological factors across the extreme end and continuous variation in disordered eating in female Swedish twins
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 51:5, s. 750-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that many psychiatric disorders etiologically represent the extreme end of dimensionally distributed features rather than distinct entities. The extent to which this applies to eating disorders (EDs) is unknown.MethodsWe investigated if there is similar etiology in (a) the continuous distribution of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), (b) the extremes of EDI-2 score, and (c) registered ED diagnoses, in 1481 female twin pairs at age 18 years (born 1992-1999). EDI-2 scores were self-reported at age 18. ED diagnoses were identified through the Swedish National Patient Register, parent-reported treatment and/or self-reported purging behavior of a frequency and duration consistent with DSM-IV criteria. We differentiated between anorexia nervosa (AN) and other EDs.ResultsThe heritability of the EDI-2 score was 0.65 (95% CI 0.61-0.68). The group heritabilities in DeFries-Fulker extremes analyses were consistent over different percentile-based extreme groups [0.59 (95% CI 0.37-0.81) to 0.65 (95% CI 0.55-0.75)]. Similarly, the heritabilities in liability threshold models were consistent over different levels of severity. In joint categorical-continuous models, the twin-based genetic correlation was 0.52 (95% CI 0.39-0.65) between EDI-2 score and diagnoses of other EDs, and 0.26 (95% CI 0.08-0.42) between EDI-2 score and diagnoses of AN. The non-shared environmental correlations were 0.52 (95% CI 0.32-0.70) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.38-0.79), respectively.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that some EDs can partly be conceptualized as the extreme manifestation of continuously distributed ED features. AN, however, might be more distinctly genetically demarcated from ED features in the general population than other EDs.
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| 38. |
- Dinkler, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a parent-reported screening tool for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): Initial validation and prevalence in 4-7-year-old Japanese children
- 2022
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Ingår i: Appetite. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-6663. ; 168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in the general child population is still largely unknown and validated screening instruments are lacking. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the prevalence of children screening positive for ARFID in a Japanese birth cohort using a newly developed parent-reported screening tool, (2) to estimate the prevalence of children with ARFID experiencing physical versus psychosocial consequences of their eating pattern, and (3) to provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the new screening tool. Data were collected from 3728 4-7-year-old children born between 2011 and 2014 in Kochi prefecture, Japan (response rate was 56.5%); a sub-sample of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Parents completed a questionnaire including the ARFID screener and several other measures to assess convergent validity. The point prevalence of children screening positive for ARFID was 1.3%; half of them met criteria for ARFID based on psychosocial impairment alone, while the other half met diagnostic criteria relating to physical impairment (and additional psychosocial impairment in many cases). Sensory sensitivity to food characteristics (63%) and/or lack of interest in eating (51%) were the most prevalent drivers of food avoidance. Children screening positive for ARFID were lighter in weight and shorter in height, they showed more problem behaviors related to mealtimes and nutritional intake, and they were more often selective eaters and more responsive to satiety, which together provides preliminary support for the validity of the new screening tool. This is the largest screening study to date of ARFID in children up to 7 years. Future studies should examine the diagnostic validity of the new ARFID screener using clinically ascertained cases. Further research on ARFID prevalence in the general population is needed.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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