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Sökning: WFRF:(Robinson Elizabeth)

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31.
  • Papadimitriou, Nikos, et al. (författare)
  • Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer : a Mendelian randomisation analysis
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 11:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Physical activity has been associated with lower risks of breast and colorectal cancer in epidemiological studies; however, it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses, using summary genetic data from the UK Biobank and GWA consortia, we found that a one standard deviation increment in average acceleration was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27 to 0.98, P-value=0.04) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.90, P-value=0.01). We found similar magnitude inverse associations for estrogen positive (ER+ve) breast cancer and for colon cancer. Our results support a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Based on these data, the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in the primary prevention of these commonly diagnosed cancers. Physical activity has been linked to lower risks of colorectal and breast cancer. Here, the authors present a Mendelian randomisation analysis supporting a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer.
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32.
  • Robinson, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Efficiency, enforcement and revenue tradeoffs in participatory forest management: An example from Tanzania
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-7998. ; 17, s. 1-20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Where joint forest management has been introduced into Tanzania, 'volunteer' patrollers take responsibility for enforcing restrictions over the harvesting of forest resources, often receiving as an incentive a share of the collected fine revenue. Using an optimal enforcement model, we explore how that share, and whether villagers have alternative sources of forest products, determines the effort patrollers put into enforcement and whether they choose to take a bribe rather than honestly reporting the illegal collection of forest resources. Without funds for paying and monitoring patrollers, policy makers face tradeoffs over illegal extraction, forest protection and revenue generation through fine collection. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.
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33.
  • Robinson, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Insiders, outsiders, and the role of local enforcement in forest management: AN example from Tanzania
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 107, s. 242-248
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In low-income countries, both nearby local villagers, "insiders", and non-locals, "outsiders", extract products from protected forests even though their actions are illegal. Forest managers typically combine enforcement and livelihood projects offered to nearby communities to reduce this illegal activity, but with limited budgets cannot deter all extraction. We develop a game theoretic model of a forest manager's decision interacting with the extraction decisions of insiders and outsiders. Our analysis suggests that, depending on the relative ecological damage caused by each group, budget-constrained forest managers may reduce total forest degradation by legalizing "insider" extraction in return for local villagers' involvement in enforcement activities against outsiders.
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34.
  • Robinson, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Sizing reserves within a landscape: The roles of villagers' reactions and the ecological-socioeconomic setting
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Land Economics. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0023-7639 .- 1543-8325. ; 87:2, s. 233-249
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Traditionally, siting and sizing decisions for parks and reserves reflected ecological characteristics but typically failed to consider ecological costs created from displaced resource collection, welfare costs on nearby rural people, and enforcement costs. Using a spatial game-theoretic model that incorporates the interaction of socioeconomic and ecological settings, we show how incorporating more recent mandates that include rural welfare and surrounding landscapes can result in very different optimal sizing decisions. The model informs our discussion of recent forest management in Tanzania, reserve sizing and siting decisions, estimating reserve effectiveness, and determining patterns of avoided forest degradation in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation programs. © 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.
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35.
  • Robinson, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • The impact of buffer zone size and management on illegal extraction, park protection, and enforcement
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 92, s. 96-103
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many protected areas or parks in developing countries have buffer zones at their boundaries to achieve the dual goals of protecting park resources and providing resource benefits to neighbouring people. Despite the prevalence of these zoning policies, few behavioural models of people's buffer zone use inform the sizing and management of those zones. This paper uses a spatially explicit resource extraction model to examine the impact of buffer zone size and management on extraction by local people, both legal and illegal, and the impact of that extraction on forest quality in the park's core and buffer zone. The results demonstrate trade-offs between the level of enforcement, the size of a buffer zone, and the amount of illegal extraction in the park; and describe implications for "enrichment" of buffer zones and evaluating patterns of forest degradation.
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36.
  • Robinson, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • The role of incentives for sustainable implementation of marine protected areas: An example from Tanzania
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Society. - 1756-2538 .- 1756-2546. ; 6:1-2, s. 28-46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an increasingly popular policy tool for protecting marine stocks and biodiversity, they pose high costs for small-scale fisherfolk in poor countries. With Tanzanias Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park as an example, we develop a spatial economic decision-modelling framework as a lens to examine fishers reactions to incentives created by an MPA. We argue that MPAs in poor countries can only contribute to sustainability if management induces changes in incentives to fish through a combination of enforcement (sticks) and livelihood projects (carrots). We emphasise practical implementation issues and implications for fostering marine ecosystem sustainability. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
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37.
  • Robinson, Matthew R., et al. (författare)
  • Population genetic differentiation of height and body mass index across Europe
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 47:11, s. 1357-1362
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Across-nation differences in the mean values for complex traits are common(1-8), but the reasons for these differences are unknown. Here we find that many independent loci contribute to population genetic differences in height and body mass index (BMI) in 9,416 individuals across 14 European countries. Using discovery data on over 250,000 individuals and unbiased effect size estimates from 17,500 sibling pairs, we estimate that 24% (95% credible interval (CI) = 9%, 41%) and 8% (95% CI = 4%, 16%) of the captured additive genetic variance for height and BMI, respectively, reflect population genetic differences. Population genetic divergence differed significantly from that in a null model (height, P < 3.94 x 10(-8); BMI, P < 5.95 x 10(-4)), and we find an among-population genetic correlation for tall and slender individuals (r = -0.80, 95% CI = -0.95, -0.60), consistent with correlated selection for both phenotypes. Observed differences in height among populations reflected the predicted genetic means (r = 0.51; P < 0.001), but environmental differences across Europe masked genetic differentiation for BMI (P < 0.58).
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38.
  • Rocklöv, Joacim, Professor, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Decision-support tools to build climate resilience against emerging infectious diseases in Europe and beyond
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Regional Health. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7762. ; 32
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Climate change is one of several drivers of recurrent outbreaks and geographical range expansion of infectious diseases in Europe. We propose a framework for the co-production of policy-relevant indicators and decision-support tools that track past, present, and future climate-induced disease risks across hazard, exposure, and vulnerability domains at the animal, human, and environmental interface. This entails the co-development of early warning and response systems and tools to assess the costs and benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures across sectors, to increase health system resilience at regional and local levels and reveal novel policy entry points and opportunities. Our approach involves multi-level engagement, innovative methodologies, and novel data streams. We take advantage of intelligence generated locally and empirically to quantify effects in areas experiencing rapid urban transformation and heterogeneous climate-induced disease threats. Our goal is to reduce the knowledge-to-action gap by developing an integrated One Health—Climate Risk framework.
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