| 21. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 22. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 23. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of the properties of three nanofibrillated cellulose systems that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : AB SVENSK PAPPERSTIDNING. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 364-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The viscosity, tensile strength-and barrier properties of enzymatically pre-treated-(NFCEnz), carboxymethylated-(NFCCarb) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified (NFCCMC) nanofibrillated cellulose systems (NFC) that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step in the manufacturing of the different NFCs are reported. It was found that NFCEnz and NFCCMC are characterized by low degrees of fibrillation. Carboxymethylated NFC displayed superior tensile strength properties, lower fiber fragment content and a higher viscosity when compared to NFCEnz and NFCCMC. Interestingly, NFCEnz displayed equal or better barrier properties compared to the highly fibrillated NFCCarb.
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| 24. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing the properties of carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose by inclusion of water in the pre-treatment process
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : AB SVENSK PAPPERSTIDNING. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 372-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Well-delaminated carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCCarb) systems are prerequisites for many industrial applications. In this study it was shown that addition of water, in a narrow range, not only improves the efficiency of the carboxymethylation process, but also enhances the degree of delamination of NFCCarb, which leads to improved properties. The observations were proposed to be due to a more homogeneous distribution of the charged groups, brought about by the higher swelling of fibers with inclusion of water.
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| 25. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorylated nanofibrillated cellulose : production and properties
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : AB Svensk Papperstidning. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:1, s. 20-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phosphate functionalized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was produced through an industrially attractive process, by reacting wood pulp with a phosphate containing salt, followed by mechanical delamination through microfluidization. The degrees of delamination of the phosphorylated NFCs (judged by among others AFM-imaging, rheological studies and tensile strength measurements on NFC films) were found to improve with increasing functionalization of the pulp and number of microfluidization-passes. The NFC systems were found to display similar characteristics as other well-known NFC systems. Interestingly, however, the sufficiently delaminated phosphorylated NFCs exhibited significantly lower oxygen permeability values (at RH 50%) than the published values of several well-known highly delaminated NFC systems. The potential application of the phosphorylated NFC in packaging applications can hence be envisaged.
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| 26. |
- Neovius, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Forecast of future premature mortality as a result of trends in obesity and smoking : nationwide cohort simulation study
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Journal of Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0393-2990 .- 1573-7284. ; 25:10, s. 703-709
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many countries obesity has increased dramatically during the last decades, while there has been a parallel decrease in smoking. The objective of the present study was to estimate the net effect on premature mortality of these trends. A simulation model was developed to estimate the expected number of deaths between ages 19-56 years for cohorts of young men (n = 50,000), depending on inputs of obesity and smoking prevalence. The model was populated with nationwide data of Swedish men performing mandatory military conscription tests between 1969 and 2005. Risk equations for all cause mortality with smoking and obesity status as predictors were developed based on the 1969-1970 conscription cohort (n = 45,920; 2,897 deaths, median follow-up 38 years). It was found that between 1969 and 2005, the prevalence of smoking decreased from 58.6 to 23.2%, while overweight increased from 5.7 to 15.6% and obesity from 0.8 to 5.5%. As a result of these trends, a 14% (CI95% 6, 21%) reduction of premature deaths between ages 19 and 56 years was forecasted for men aged 19 year in 2004-2005 compared to men aged 19 years in 1969-1970 (2,679 vs. 3,116 deaths). However, one-third of the survival benefit from reduced smoking during the period was offset due to the parallel increase in obesity. This study shows that despite large increases in overweight and obesity, a continued decline in premature deaths among Swedish males is expected due to reduced smoking during the last four decades.
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| 27. |
- Nowak, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Type 2 diabetes, glycaemic traits and cardiovascular disease : a Mendelian Randomization study
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its hallmarks insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and hyperglycaemia affect over 400 million persons worldwide and are associated with raised cardiovascular risk, but their causal role has been difficult to dissect due to overlap between risk factors. We used Mendelian randomization analysis, which utilises genetic polymorphisms associated with a risk factor, to assess causal effects of T2D, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and fasting glucose on mortality, ischaemic stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in 120,091 adults in the UK Biobank and in the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium (63,746 cases of CAD and 130,681 controls). We found evidence for a causal effect of T2D on raised CAD risk (odds ratio (OR) per doubling in the odds of T2D, 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 – 1.09, P = 1.2 x 10-9) and for a causal effect of impaired insulin secretion on the risk of CAD (OR per SD-unit decrease, 1.14, 95% CI 1.06 – 1.22, P = 0.002). The genetic score for insulin resistance was associated with increased coronary artery disease risk; however, sensitivity analysis indicated that the instrument might not be appropriate to use for robust causal inference testing. Our results support previous reports of a causal role of T2D and impaired insulin secretion in coronary artery disease and point to a complex relationship between variants affecting insulin resistance and cardiovascular outcomes.
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| 28. |
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