| 31. |
- Gustafsson, G, et al.
(författare)
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The electric field and wave experiment for the Cluster mission
- 1997
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 79, s. 137-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric-field and wave experiment (EFW) on Cluster is designed to measure the electric-field and density fluctuations with sampling rates up to 36 000 samples s(-1). Langmuir probe sweeps can also be made to determine the electron density and temperature. The instrument has several important capabilities. These include (1) measurements of quasi-static electric fields of amplitudes lip to 700 mV m(-1) with high amplitude and time resolution, (2) measurements over short periods of time of up to five simualtaneous waveforms (two electric signals and three magnetic signals from the seach coil magnetometer sensors) of a bandwidth of 4 kHz with high time resolution, (3) measurements of density fluctuations in four points with high time resolution. Among the more interesting scientific objectives of the experiment are studies of nonlinear wave phenomena that result in acceleration of plasma as well as large- and small-scale interferometric measurements. By using four spacecraft for large-scale differential measurements and several Langmuir probes on one spacecraft for small-scale interferometry, it will be possible to study motion and shape of plasma structures on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper describes the primary scientific objectives of the EFW experiment and the technical capabilities of the instrument.
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| 37. |
- Harvey, P, et al.
(författare)
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The electric field instrument on the Polar satellite
- 1995
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 71, s. 583-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Polar satellite carries a system of four wire booms in the spacecraft spin plane and two rigid booms along the spin axis. Each of the booms has a spherical sensor at its tip along with nearby guard and stub surfaces whose potentials relative to that of their sphere are controlled by associated electronics. The potential differences between opposite sphere pairs are measured to yield the three components of the DC to >1 MHz electric field. Spheres can also be operated in a mode in which their collected current is measured to give information on the plasma density and its fluctuations. The scientific studies to be performed by this experiment as well as the mechanical and electrical properties of the detector system are described.
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| 38. |
- Hooshmand, Babak, et al.
(författare)
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CAIDE Dementia Risk Score, Alzheimer and cerebrovascular pathology : a population-based autopsy study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 283:6, s. 597-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. CAIDE Dementia Risk Score is a tool for estimating dementia risk in the general population. Its longitudinal associations with Alzheimer or vascular neuropathology in the oldest old are not known. Aim. To explore the relationship between CAIDE Dementia Risk Score at baseline and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cerebral infarcts and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) after up to 10-year follow-up in the Vantaa 85+ population. Methods. Study population included 149 participants aged 85 years, without dementia at baseline, and with available clinical and autopsy data. Methenamine silver staining was used for beta-amyloid and modified Bielschowsky method for neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. Macroscopic infarcts were identified from cerebral hemispheres, brain-stem and cerebellum slices. Standardized methods were used to determine microscopic infarcts, CAA and alpha-synuclein pathologies. The CAIDE Dementia Risk Score was calculated based on scores for age, sex, BMI, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, physical activity and APOE epsilon 4 carrier status (range 0-18 points). Results. A CAIDE Dementia Risk Score above 11 points was associated with more cerebral infarctions up to 10 years later: OR (95% CI) was 2.10 (1.06-4.16). No associations were found with other neuropathologies. Conclusion. In a population of elderly aged 85 years, higher CAIDE Dementia Risk Score was associated with increased risk of cerebral infarcts.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Hägglund, Carl, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth, intermixing, and surface phase formation for zinc tin oxide nanolaminates produced by atomic layer deposition
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 34:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A broad and expanding range of materials can be produced by atomic layer deposition at relatively low temperatures, including both oxides and metals. For many applications of interest, however, it is desirable to grow more tailored and complex materials such as semiconductors with a certain doping, mixed oxides, and metallic alloys. How well such mixed materials can be accomplished with ALD requires knowledge of the conditions under which the resulting films will be mixed, solid solutions, or laminated. The growth and lamination of zinc oxide and tin oxide is studied here by means of the extremely surface sensitive technique of low energy ion scattering, combined with bulk composition and thickness determination, and X-ray diffraction. At the low temperatures used for deposition (150 °C) there is little evidence for atomic scale mixing even with the smallest possible bilayer period, and instead a morphology with small ZnO inclusions in a SnOx matrix is deduced. Post-annealing of such laminates above 400 °C however produces a stable surface phase with a 30% increased density. From the surface stoichiometry, this is likely the inverted spinel of zinc stannate, Zn2SnO4. Annealing to 800 °C results in films containing crystalline Zn2SnO4, or multilayered films of crystalline ZnO, Zn2SnO4 and SnO2 phases, depending on the bilayer period.
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