| 61. |
- Wåhlin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Intracranial pulsatility is associated with regional brain volume in elderly individuals
- 2014
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In: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-4580 .- 1558-1497. ; 35:2, s. 365-372
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Excessive intracranial pulsatility is thought to damage the cerebral microcirculation, causing cognitive decline in elderly individuals. We investigated relationships between brain structure and measures related to intracranial pulsatility among healthy elderly. Thirty-seven stroke-free, non-demented individuals (62-82 years of age) were included. We assessed brain structure, invasively measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse pressure, and magnetic resonance-quantified arterial and CSF flow pulsatility, as well as arterial pulse pressure. Using both multivariate partial least squares and ordinary regression analyses, we identified a significant pattern of negative relationships between the volume of several brain regions and measures of intracranial pulsatility. The strongest relationships concerned the temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus. These findings were also coherent with observations of positive relationships between intracranial pulsatility and ventricular volume. In conclusion, elderly subjects with high intracranial pulsatility display smaller brain volume and larger ventricles, supporting the notion that excessive cerebral arterial pulsatility harms the brain. This calls for research investigating altered intracranial cardiac-related pulsatile stress as a potential risk factor that may cause or worsen the prognosis in subjects developing cognitive impairment and dementia.
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| 62. |
- Wåhlin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Measuring pulsatile flow in cerebral arteries using 4D phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging
- 2013
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In: American Journal of Neuroradiology. - 0195-6108 .- 1936-959X. ; 34:9, s. 1740-1745
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: 4D PCMRI can be used to quantify pulsatile hemodynamics in multiple cerebral arteries. The aim of this study was to compare 4D PCMRI and 2D PCMRI for assessments of pulsatile hemodynamics in major cerebral arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We scanned the internal carotid artery, the anterior cerebral artery, the basilar artery, and the middle cerebral artery in 10 subjects with a single 4D and multiple 2D PCMRI acquisitions by use of a 3T system and a 32-channel head coil. We assessed the agreement regarding net flow and the volume of arterial pulsatility (V) for all vessels. RESULTS: 2D and 4D PCMRI produced highly correlated results, with r = 0.86 and r = 0.95 for V and net flow, respectively (n = 69 vessels). These values increased to r = 0.93 and r = 0.97, respectively, during investigation of a subset of measurements with <5% variation in heart rate between the 4D and 2D acquisition (n = 31 vessels). Significant differences were found for ICA and MCA net flow (P = .004 and P < .001, respectively) and MCA V (P = .006). However, these differences were attenuated and no longer significant when the subset with stable heart rate (n = 31 vessels) was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: 4D PCMRI provides a powerful methodology to measure pulsatility of the larger cerebral arteries from a single acquisition. A large part of differences between measurements was attributed to physiologic variations. The results were consistent with 2D PCMRI.
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| 63. |
- Wåhlin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Optic Nerve Length before and after Spaceflight
- 2021
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In: Ophthalmology. - : Elsevier. - 0161-6420 .- 1549-4713. ; 128:2, s. 309-316
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: The spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) affects astronauts on missions to the International Space Station (ISS). The SANS has blurred vision and ocular changes as typical features. The objective of this study was to investigate if microgravity can create deformations or movements of the eye or optic nerve, and if such changes could be linked to SANS.DESIGN: Cohort study.PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-two astronauts (age 48 ± 4 years).METHODS: The intervention consisted of time in microgravity at the ISS. We co-registered pre- and postspaceflight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and generated centerline representations of the optic nerve. The coordinates for the optic nerve head (ONH) and optic chiasm (OC) ends of the optic nerve were recorded along with the entire centerline path.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optic nerve length, ONH movement, and OC movement after time in microgravity.RESULTS: Optic nerve length increased (0.80 ± 0.74 mm, P < 0.001), primarily reflecting forward ONH displacement (0.63 ± 0.53 mm, P < 0.001). The forward displacement was positively related to mission duration, preflight body weight, and clinical manifestations of SANS. We also detected upward displacement of the OC (0.39 ± 0.50 mm, P = 0.002), indicative of brain movement, but this observation could not be linked to SANS.CONCLUSIONS: The spaceflight-induced optic nerve lengthening and anterior movement of the ONH support that SANS is caused by an altered pressure difference between the brain and the eye, leading to a forward push on the posterior of the eye. Body weight is a potential contributing risk factor. Direct assessment of intracranial pressure in space is required to verify the implicated mechanism behind the ocular findings in SANS.
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| 64. |
- Wåhlin, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Phase contrast MRI quantification of pulsatile volumes of brain arteries, veins, and cerebrospinal fluids compartments : repeatability and physiological interactions
- 2012
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In: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1053-1807 .- 1522-2586. ; 35:5, s. 1055-1062
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: To study measurement repeatability and physiological determinants on measurement stability for phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) measurements of cyclic volume changes (ΔV) of brain arteries, veins, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total cerebral blood flow (tCBF), total internal jugular flow (tJBF) and spinal CSF flow at C2-C3 level and CSF in the aqueduct was measured using five repetitions in 20 healthy subjects. After subtracting net flow, waveforms were integrated to calculate ΔV of arterial, venous, and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure repeatability. Systematic errors were investigated by a series of phantom measurements.RESULTS: For ΔV calculated from tCBF, tJBF and both CSF waveforms, the ICC was ≥0.85. ΔV from the tCBF waveform decreased linearly between repetitions (P = 0.012). Summed CSF and venous volume being shifted out from the cranium was correlated with ΔV calculated from the tCBF waveform (r = 0.75; P < 0.001). Systematic errors increased at resolutions <4 pixels per diameter.CONCLUSION: Repeatability of ΔV calculated from tCBF, tJBF, and CSF waveforms allows useful interpretations. The subject's time in the MR system and imaging resolution should be considered when interpreting volume changes. Summed CSF and venous volume changes was associated with arterial volume changes.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 65. |
- Zarrinkoob, Laleh, et al.
(author)
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Aging alters the dampening of pulsatile blood flow in cerebral arteries
- 2016
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In: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. - 0271-678X .- 1559-7016. ; 36:9, s. 1519-1527
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Excessive pulsatile flow caused by aortic stiffness is thought to be a contributing factor for several cerebrovascular diseases. The main purpose of this study was to describe the dampening of the pulsatile flow from the proximal to the distal cerebral arteries, the effect of aging and sex, and its correlation to aortic stiffness. Forty-five healthy elderly (mean age 71 years) and 49 healthy young (mean age 25 years) were included. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging was used for measuring blood flow pulsatility index and dampening factor (proximal artery pulsatility index/distal artery pulsatility index) in 21 cerebral and extra-cerebral arteries. Aortic stiffness was measured as aortic pulse wave velocity. Cerebral arterial pulsatility index increased due to aging and this was more pronounced in distal segments of cerebral arteries. There was no difference in pulsatility index between women and men. Dampening of pulsatility index was observed in all cerebral arteries in both age groups but was significantly higher in young subjects than in elderly. Pulse wave velocity was not correlated with cerebral arterial pulsatility index. The increased pulsatile flow in elderly together with reduced dampening supports the pulse wave encephalopathy theory, since it implies that a higher pulsatile flow is reaching distal arterial segments in older subjects.
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| 66. |
- Zarrinkoob, Laleh, et al.
(author)
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Blood flow distribution in cerebral arteries
- 2015
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In: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. - : SAGE Publications. - 0271-678X .- 1559-7016. ; 35:4, s. 648-654
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-resolution phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging can now assess flow in proximal and distal cerebral arteries. The aim of this study was to describe how total cerebral blood flow (tCBF) is distributed into the vascular tree with regard to age, sex and anatomic variations. Forty-nine healthy young (mean 25 years) and 45 elderly (mean 71 years) individuals were included. Blood flow rate (BFR) in 21 intra-and extracerebral arteries was measured. Total cerebral blood flow was defined as BFR in the internal carotid plus vertebral arteries and mean cerebral perfusion as tCBF/brain volume. Carotid/vertebral distribution was 72%/28% and was not related to age, sex, or brain volume. Total cerebral blood flow (717 +/- 123 mL/min) was distributed to each side as follows: middle cerebral artery (MCA), 21%; distal MCA, 6%; anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 12%, distal ACA, 4%; ophthalmic artery, 2%; posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 8%; and 20% to basilar artery. Deviating distributions were observed in subjects with 'fetal' PCA. Blood flow rate in cerebral arteries decreased with increasing age (P < 0.05) but not in extracerebral arteries. Mean cerebral perfusion was higher in women (women: 61 +/- 8; men: 55 +/- 6 mL/min/100 mL, P < 0.001). The study describes a new method to outline the flow profile of the cerebral vascular tree, including reference values, and should be used for grading the collateral flow system.
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| 67. |
- Zarrinkoob, Laleh, et al.
(author)
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Blood flow lateralization and collateral compensatory mechanisms in patients with carotid artery stenosis
- 2019
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In: Stroke. - Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0039-2499 .- 1524-4628. ; 50:5, s. 1081-1088
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and Purpose: Four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging enables quantification of blood flow rate (BFR; mL/min) in multiple cerebral arteries simultaneously, making it a promising technique for hemodynamic investigation in patients with stroke. The aim of this study was to quantify the hemodynamic disturbance and the compensatory pattern of collateral flow in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis.Methods: Thirty-eight patients (mean, 72 years; 27 men) with symptomatic carotid stenosis (>/=50%) or occlusion were investigated using 4-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. For each patient, BFR was measured in 19 arteries/locations. The ipsilateral side to the symptomatic carotid stenosis was compared with the contralateral side.Results: Internal carotid artery BFR was lower on the ipsilateral side (134+/-87 versus 261+/-95 mL/min; P<0.001). BFR in anterior cerebral artery (A1 segment) was lower on ipsilateral side (35+/-58 versus 119+/-72 mL/min; P<0.001). Anterior cerebral artery territory bilaterally was primarily supplied by contralateral internal carotid artery. The ipsilateral internal carotid artery mainly supplied the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. MCA was also supplied by a reversed BFR found in the ophthalmic and the posterior communicating artery routes on the ipsilateral side (-5+/-28 versus 10+/-28 mL/min, P=0.001, and -2+/-12 versus 6+/-6 mL/min, P=0.03, respectively). Despite these compensations, BFR in MCA was lower on the ipsilateral side, and this laterality was more pronounced in patients with severe carotid stenosis (>/=70%). Although comparing ipsilateral MCA BFR between stenosis groups (<70% and >/=70%), there was no difference ( P=0.95).Conclusions: With a novel approach using 4-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, we could simultaneously quantify and rank the importance of collateral routes in patients with carotid stenosis. An important observation was that contralateral internal carotid artery mainly secured the bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory. Because of the collateral recruitment, compromised BFR in MCA is not necessarily related to the degree of carotid stenosis. These findings highlight the importance of simultaneous investigation of the hemodynamics of the entire cerebral arterial tree.
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| 68. |
- Zarrinkoob, Laleh, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Cerebral blood flow patterns in patients with low-flow carotid artery stenosis, a 4D-PCMRI assessment
- 2024
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In: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1053-1807 .- 1522-2586.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Compromised cerebral blood flow can contribute to future ischemic events in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease. However, there is limited knowledge of the effects on cerebral hemodynamics resulting from a reduced internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow rate (BFR).Purpose: Investigate how reduced ICA-BFR, relates to BFR in the cerebral arteries.Study Type: Prospective.Subjects: Thirty-eight patients, age 72 ± 6 years (11 female).Field Strength/Sequence: 3-Tesla, four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D-PCMRI).Assessment: Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were evaluated regarding the degree of stenosis. 4D-PCMRI was used to measure cerebral BFR in 38 patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (≥50%). BFR in the cerebral arteries was assessed in two subgroups based on symptomatic ICA-BFR: reduced ICA-flow (<160 mL/minutes) and preserved ICA-flow (≥160 mL/minutes). BFR laterality was defined as a difference in the paired ipsilateral-contralateral arteries.Statistical Tests: Patients were grouped based on ICA-BFR (reduced vs. preserved). Statistical tests (independent sample t-test/paired t-test) were used to compare groups and hemispheres. Significance was determined at P < 0.05.Results: The degree of stenosis was not significantly different, 80% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 73%–87%) in the reduced ICA-flow vs. 72% (CI = 66%–76%) in the preserved ICA-flow; P = 0.09. In the reduced ICA-flow group, a significantly reduced BFR was found in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery (A1), while significantly increased in the contralateral A1. Retrograde BFR was found in the posterior communicating artery and ophthalmic artery. Significant BFR laterality was present in all paired arteries in the reduced ICA-flow group, contrasting the preserved ICA-flow group (P = 0.14–0.93).Data Conclusions: 4D-PCMRI revealed compromised cerebral BFR due to carotid stenosis, not possible to detect by solely analyzing the degree of stenosis. In patients with reduced ICA-flow, collaterals were not sufficient to maintain symmetrical BFR distribution to the two hemispheres.Evidence Level: 2.Technical Efficacy: Stage 3.
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| 69. |
- Zarrinkoob, Laleh, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Quantification and mapping of cerebral hemodynamics before and after carotid endarterectomy, using four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging
- 2021
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In: Journal of Vascular Surgery. - : Elsevier. - 0741-5214 .- 1097-6809. ; 74:3, s. 910-920.e1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: A carotid stenosis can have a profound impact on the cerebral hemodynamics that cannot be inferred from the degree of stenosis by itself. We aimed to quantify and map the distribution of blood flow rate (BFR) in cerebral arteries before and after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), using four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D PCMRI).Methods: Nineteen patients (71±6 years, 2 women) with symptomatic carotid stenosis (≥50%)undergoing CEA were investigated using 4D PCMRI before and after surgery. BFR was measured in 17 cerebral arteries and in the ophthalmic arteries (OA). Collateral recruitment through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries, OA and the leptomeningeal arterial route was identified and quantified. BFR laterality was described as contralateral BFR minus ipsilateral BFR in paired arteries.Results: Total cerebral blood flow increased by 15% (p<0.01) after CEA. On the ipsilateral side, increased BFR was found after CEA in internal carotid artery (ICA) (246±62mL/min vs. 135±80mL/min; p<0.001), anterior cerebral artery (87±mL/min vs. 38±58mL/min; p<0.01) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) (149±43mL/min vs. 119±34mL/min; p<0.01), resulting in a postoperative BFR distribution without signs of laterality. In patients with preoperatively recruited collaterals (n=9), BFR laterality was found in MCA before, but not after, CEA (p<0.01). This laterality was not found in patients without collateral recruitment (n=10) (p=0.2). The degree of stenosis did not differ between the groups with vs. without collateral recruitment (p=0.85). Conclusion: 4D PCMRI is a useful technique to quantify cerebral hemodynamic changes seen in patients with carotid stenosis before and after CEA. MCA laterality, seen in patients with collateral recruitment before CEA, pointed towards a hemodynamic disturbance in MCA territory for those patients. This study introduces a new and non-invasive way to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics due to carotid stenosis prior to and after CEA.
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| 70. |
- Amer-Wåhlin, Isis, et al.
(author)
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Fetal cerebral energy metabolism and electrocardiogram during experimental umbilical cord occlusion and resuscitation.
- 2010
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In: Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1476-7058 .- 1476-4954. ; 23:2, s. 158-166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. The purpose of this experimental study was to elucidate alterations in fetal energy metabolism in relation to ECG changes during extreme fetal asphyxia, postnatal resuscitation and the immediate post-resuscitatory phase. Study design. Five near-term fetal sheep were subjected to umbilical cord occlusion until cardiac arrest followed by delivery, resuscitation and postnatal pressure-controlled ventilation. Four sheep served as sham controls and were delivered immediately after ligation of the umbilical cord. Fetal ECG was analysed online for changes of the ST segment. Fetal metabolism was monitored by intracerebral and subcutaneous microdialysis catheters. Results. Fetal ECG reacted on cord occlusion with an increase in the T-wave height followed by changes in intracerebral levels of oxidative parameters. Cerebral lactate/pyruvate ratio and glutamate increased to median (range) of 240 (200-744) and 34.0 (22.6-60.5) mmol/l, respectively; both parameters returned to baseline after resuscitation. Cerebral glucose decreased to 0.1 (0.08-0.12) mmol/l after occlusion and increased above baseline upon resuscitation. In subcutaneous tissue as well as blood the increase in lactate occurred with a delay compared to cerebral levels. Conclusion. The fetal ECG changes related to asphyxia preceded the increase in excitotoxicity as determined by increase in cerebral glutamate during asphyxia. Cerebral lactate increase was superior to subcutaneous lactate increase.
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