| 51. |
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Billström, Kjell, et al.
(författare)
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Age and provenance of host rocks and ores in the Paleoproterozoic Skellefte District, northern Sweden
- 1996
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Ingår i: Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. - : Society of Economic Geologists. - 0361-0128 .- 1554-0774. ; 91:6, s. 1054-1072
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Skellefte district in northern Sweden is a ca. 1.9 Ga, extensively mineralized, mainly felsic, submarine volcanic belt. Within the district, the volcanic rocks (Skellefte Group) are overlain by turbiditic sedimentary rocks and coarser clastic rocks, as well as younger, mainly mafic, volcanic rocks (Vargfors Group). To the north, subaerial volcanic rocks of the Arvidsjaur Group are probably coeval with the Vargfors Group. The sedimentation in the Bothnian basin, south of the Skellefte district, appears to have started at ca. 2.0 Ga and continued until ca. 1.86 Ga, as indicated by the presence of granitoids spanning this time interval. The first main magmatic episode in the Skellefte district was a felsic stage at around 1.89 Ga as confirmed by two new U-Pb zircon ages from volcanic rocks situated in the central and eastern part of the district (Bjurvattnet, 1884 + or - 6 Ma; Melestj rn, 1889 + or - 4 Ma). No basement is known to the felsic magmatism, but granitoids occurring to the south of the district, which have been dated at 2.0 to 1.9 Ga, could constitute remnants of a basement which was destroyed by 1.89 Ga arc volcanism within the Skellefte district. The Vargfors Group overlies the Skellefte Group with no major unconformity, and one new age from an ignimbrite in the Vargfors Group (1875 + or - 4 Ma) confirms the temporal relationship with the deposition of subaerial volcanic rocks of the Arvidsjaur Group.An evaluation of age data for the early, synvolcanic (ca. 1890 Ma) Joern-type granitoids suggests that these should be further subdivided. Three different generations of Joern-type granitoids may exist. The GI phase has an age of about 1.89 Ga, the GII and GIII phases within the major Joern batholith probably formed at around 1.87 Ga, and the Siktr sk intrusion in the southern part of the district, has a crystallization age of ca. 1.86 Ga.A number of distinctive isotopic characteristics have been observed, e.g., significant data scatter for Sr whole-rock data, reversely discordant zircon data, and unusually young lower intercept ages for zircon discordia. These features seem to relate preferentially to volcanic rocks, and it is suggested that this behavior is due to Phanerozoic hydrothermal processes that have mobilized elements at different scales. Upper intercepts for zircon discordia, however, are with one exception thought to represent true crystallization ages. The 1847 + or - 3 Ma age for a mass flow at Petiktr sk, as defined by a three-point discordia, is for geologic reasons too young, but a considerably higher (super 207) Pb/ (super 206) Pb age at 1890 Ma for one zircon fraction is more consistent with the field relationships.Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ores occur in the upper part of the volcanic sequence of the Skellefte Group and, in some cases, also in the lower part of the Vargfors Group. A good approximation of the age of massive ore formation is provided by the age of the host rocks. It is suggested that two main depositional stages of massive ore occurred at ca. 1885 to 1880 Ma and at ca. 1875 Ma. Gold occurs in two principal settings, as a constituent in the volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ores, and related to quartz veins found both in intrusive and supracrustal rocks. In the massive ores, gold was probably emplaced in connection with the hydrothermal processes which concentrated the base metals. Gold in some major intrusive-related Au deposits (e.g., Bjoerkdal) is likely to have concentrated at a premetamorphic stage, tentatively at 1.87 Ga, and still other Au ores (e.g., Boliden) may be epithermal in origin and were possibly formed at a relatively late stage at ca. 1.85 Ga. Later, during peak metamorphic conditions, some mesothermal Au-As vein deposits (e.g., Grundfors) formed at ca. 1.84 to 1.82 Ga.
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| 54. |
- Billström, K., et al.
(författare)
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Conflicting zircon vs. titanite U-Pb age systematics and the deposition of the host volcanic sequence to Kiruna-type and IOCG deposits in northern Sweden, Fennoscandian shield
- 2019
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Ingår i: Precambrian Research. - : Elsevier. - 0301-9268 .- 1872-7433. ; 321, s. 123-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Northern Norrbotten region, and in particular the Kiruna area, hosts a number of large apatite iron oxide deposits (e.g. the huge Kiirunavaara ore) of significant economic importance. Age data from rock lithologies hosting these ores, represented by metamorphosed rocks of the Porphyrite and Kiirunavaara Groups, are complex to interpret. This is illustrated by (LA-ICP-MS) data for titanite, and to some extent for rutile, which scatter considerably yielding ages within a span from ca. 2.1 Ga to 1.7 Ga. These analysed hydrothermal minerals, characterized by complex BSE images revealing darker and brighter zones, are located in ore zones and associated with e.g. strong scapolitisation, albitisation and actinolitisation. Previous (TIMS) zircon ages of host rocks, on the other hand, define a more narrower age interval between ca. 1900 and 1870 Ma, and this is supported by new U-Pb zircon results presented here. Furthermore, one coherent set of SIMS data for titanite from the Luossavaara ore favour that crystallization took place at ca 1.88 Ga, although laser ICP data from the same locality are much more complex. An implication arising from published pre-1.9 Ga laser ablation ages for titanites is that the emplacement of host rocks started already at around 2.1 Ga. As the depositional time of these rocks is crucial for the understanding of the overall crustal formation in northern Norrbotten, additional rocks were selected for age dating. New zircon age data (LA-ICP-MS and SIMS) give support to a scenario where host rocks to ores started to develop at around 1900 Ma and this calls for a re-evaluation of published LA-ICP-MS data of hydrothermal mineral phases.Here, we present four models that aim to explain how pre-1.9 Ga titanite ages, believed to have a questionable geological significance, may develop. The principal idea is that ≤2.1 Ga alteration events were not responsible for the crystallization of the hydrothermal minerals, instead it is believed that apparent old age domains carry excess radiogenic lead due to the effect of ≤1.9 Ga hydrothermal processes. Currently, the interpretation of U-Pb isotope data in the study area remains enigmatic, and further radiometric analyses are required.
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| 55. |
- Billström, Kjell, et al.
(författare)
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IOCG and related mineral deposits of the northern Fennoscandian Shield
- 2011
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Ingår i: Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold & related topics. - Adelaide : PGC Publishing. ; , s. 381-414
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The northernmost Fennoscandian shield comprises Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic rocks. Unlike most other shield areas, economic mineral deposits are largely restricted to its Palaeoproterozoic parts. The latter are characterised by intracratonic basin evolution between ca. 2.5 and 2.0 Ga, involving recurrent mantle hotspot activity with numerous layered intrusions, komatiite and picrite eruptions, but no signs of accretionary phases or formation of major new felsic crust. Accretion and continent-continent collision followed from ca. 1.9 to 1.8 Ga, during the Svecofennian orogeny. A range of mineralisation styles are hosted by extensive ca. 2.5 to 2.0 Ga greenstone belts and younger, subduction-related 1.9 to 1.8 Ga Svecofennian intrusive and extrusive settings. These mineralisation styles partially overlap, and individual deposits may not readily be placed into genetic classification schemes. A provisional grouping of observed mineralisation styles comprises (1) stratiform-stratabound sulphide, (2) apatite-iron, (3) skarn-related iron and BIF, and (4) epigenetic(±syngenetic?) Au and Cu-Au deposits. The descriptive section of this paper also highlights features that may relate to orogenic-gold, IOCG and 'atypical metal association' categories of mineralisation. The assumption made is that the deposition of a diverse range of ore deposits was made possible by a long and complex geological evolution. This involved an initial (sowing) stage where iron, and to some extent copper and gold, were concentrated during 2.3 to 2.1 Ga (Karelian) rock-forming processes. Following this, ore elements were mobilised during two younger (Svecofennian) stages at 1.92 to 1.87 and 1.85 to 1.79 Ga, respectively. The latter were triggered by metamorphic and magmatic episodes, and fluids liberated during these stages precipitated IOCG and related deposits when fluids met structural and chemical traps in suitable host rocks. Ore fluids are generally saline, and their development probably involved incorporation of evaporates and, at least locally, also felsic magmatism may have played a role. Skarn-related mineralisation, hosted by ca. 2.1 Ga greenstones, occurs both as a BIF type in Sweden (formed at around 2.1 Ga), and as a gold-copper enriched variety (the result of Svecofennian epigenetic processes) in the Kolari region of Finland. The huge Kiirunavaara deposit is the type example of apatite iron ores, and is here considered to have formed from a magma at ca. 1.88 Ga, although it also has features best explained by a magmatic-hydrothermal overprint. A younger, less prominent, stage of apatite iron ore formation took place at approximately 1.78 Ga. Epigenetic gold and copper-gold deposits are particularly hard to classify as these show mixed ore characteristics, and to some extent this is likely to be due to multiple mineralisation stages (cf. the huge, low grade Aitik deposit in Sweden which is interpreted to be a hybrid porphyry-IOCG-type of ore). Structurally controlled, orogenic-gold mineralisation is common in the Central Lapland greenstone belt, although there are also gold deposits with enhanced contents of e.g., copper, cobalt and uranium (e.g., at Saatopoora). The latter, sometimes referred to as being of an 'atypical metal association' type, could potentially also include syngenetic mineralisation (e.g., at Juomasou). The range of epigenetic (±syngenetic) gold and copper-gold deposits could possibly be related to a vague east-west trend defined by gold-rich deposits in the east (Finland), followed by IOCG (copper±gold) and more iron-dominant ore types near the Finnish-Swedish border and further west into Sweden.
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| 56. |
- Björklund, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Orvar Hill mafic volcanic rocks of the Tiveden area, south-central Sweden
- 1997
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Ingår i: GFF. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863. ; 119:2, s. 127-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Orvar Hill formation in Tiveden, south-central Sweden, constitutes a unique low-strain window of well preserved Svecofennian mafic volcanic rocks on the southwestern border of the Svecokarelian orogen. The area can be considered as the southwestern border of the Bergslagen region of the Svecokarelian orogen. The Orvar Hill formation consists of coherent pillowed and non-pillowed basalts alternating with mafic volcaniclastic racks in the lower part of the Lindberga supracrustal succession. Only minor felsic volcanic rocks occur in the upper part. Quartz-bearing metagreywackes comprise the top part of the Lindberga supracrustal succession. Geochemistry of lavas and volcaniclastic rocks suggests that the Orvar Hill mafic volcanic rocks were emplaced in a volcanic-are setting. This demonstrates that the Tiveden supracrustal units probably formed in response to volcanism related to subduction. The Tiveden area may thus represent a 1.89 Ga primitive, sediment-starved volcanic are at the margin of the continental volcanic are of the Bergslagen district. The relationship between Tiveden and Bergslagen at the time of formation is not clear and Tiveden may represent a remnant of an are that accreted to a continent at c. 1.88-1.86 Ga.
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| 57. |
- Chmielowski, Riia, et al.
(författare)
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3D geochemical modelling of hydrothermal alteration related to 1.89 Ga VHMS-type deposits, Kristineberg area, Skellefte District
- 2013
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Ingår i: Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world. - Uppsala : Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. - 9789174032079 ; , s. 66-69
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 3D geochemical model of the Kristineberg area of the Skellefte District, Sweden, is currently under construction, utilizing data from more than 1600 regionally distributed whole-rock lithogeochemical samples. The model will improve our understanding of the formation the VHMS deposits in this area. The model is built by mapping geochemical variations in 3D, and using this as a basis for modelling hydrothermal alteration in the unsampled portions of the rock column. A better understanding of the geometry, intensity, vectors of transport, and zonation of the hydrothermal zones in 3D will aid deep exploration for massive sulphide deposits in the Kristineberg area, and may potentially lead to new discoveries.
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| 58. |
- Dehghannejad, Mahdieh, et al.
(författare)
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Crustal geometry of the central Skellefte district, northern Sweden : constraints from reflection seismic investigations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tectonophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1951 .- 1879-3266. ; 524-525, s. 87-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte mining district in Sweden is one of the most important mining districts in Europe. As a part of a 4D geologic modeling project, three new sub-parallel reflection seismic profiles, with a total length of about 95 km, were acquired in the central part of the district. Processed seismic data reveal a series of gentle- to steeply- dipping reflections and a series of diffraction packages. The majority of reflections that extend to the surface can be correlated with geological features either observed in the field or interpreted from the aeromagnetic map. A set of south-dipping reflections represent inferred syn-extensional listric extensional faults that were inverted during subsequent crustal-shortening. Cross-cutting north-dipping reflections are correlated to late-compressional break-back faults. Flat-lying reflections in the central parts of the study area could represent lithological contacts within the Skellefte Group, or the contact between Skellefte Group rocks and their unknown basement. Flat-lying reflections occurring further north are inferred to originate from the top of the Jörn intrusive complex or an intrusive contact within it. So far unknown south- and north-dipping faults have been identified in the vicinity of the Maurliden deposit. Based on the seismic results, a preliminary 3D-model has been created in order to visualize the fault pattern and to provide a base for future 3D/4D modeling in the Skellefte district.
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| 59. |
- Dehghannejad, M., et al.
(författare)
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High-resolution reflection seismic imaging in the Skellefte ore district : a contribution to 4D geologic modeling
- 2009
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Kristineberg VHMS (volcanic-hosted massive sulfide) mining area is located in the western part of the Skellefte Ore District, the most important metallogenic zone in northern Sweden. The area has been the subject of several geological and geophysical studies with the aim of understanding the contact relationships between the ore bearing volcanic and volcanosedimentary formations and the surrounding rocks. To establish the structural geologic framework at depth, two new reflection seismic profiles, a N-S directed high resolution one with a length of about 6.3 km and an E-W directed one perpendicular to the high-resolution profile with a length of about 13 km were acquired in 2008. Although the structural geology is complex, a preliminary stacked section of the high-resolution profile reveals a series of steeply dipping to sub-horizontal reflections in the southern and northern parts of the profile, many of which can be traced to the surface for correlation with surface geology. Several reflections appear to be consistent with reflections observed in two previously acquired profiles in the study area. The new reflection seismic results will be integrated with the previous reflection seismic results, potential field modeling, magnetotelluric data and geological observations to improve earlier geological interpretations that led to a pilot 3D geologic model of the study area.
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| 60. |
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