| 71. |
- Stenblom, Eva Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary thylakoids reduce visceral fat mass and increase expression of genes involved in intestinal fatty acid oxidation in high-fat fed rats
- 2016
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6119 .- 1522-1490. ; 311:3, s. 618-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thylakoids reduce body weight gain and body fat accumulation in rodents. This study investigated whether an enhanced oxidation of dietary fat-derived fatty acids in the intestine contributes to the thylakoid effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet with (n = 8) or without thylakoids (n = 8) for 2 wk. Body weight, food intake, and body fat were measured, and intestinal mucosa was collected and analyzed. Quantitative realtime PCR was used to measure gene expression levels of key enzymes involved in fatty acid transport, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. Another set of thylakoid-treated (n = 10) and control rats (n = 10) went through indirect calorimetry. In the first experiment, thylakoidtreated rats (n = 8) accumulated 25% less visceral fat than controls. Furthermore, fatty acid translocase (Fat/Cd36), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a), and mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) genes were upregulated in the jejunum of the thylakoid-treated group. In the second experiment, thylakoid-treated rats (n = 10) gained 17.5% less weight compared with controls and their respiratory quotient was lower, 0.86 compared with 0.91. Thylakoid-intake resulted in decreased food intake and did not cause steatorrhea. These results suggest that thylakoids stimulated intestinal fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, resulting in an increased ability of the intestine to handle dietary fat. The increased fatty acid oxidation and the resulting reduction in food intake may contribute to the reduced fat accumulation in thylakoid-treated animals.
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| 72. |
- Sureda, Ester Arévalo, et al.
(författare)
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Induction of precocious intestinal maturation in T-cell deficient athymic neonatal rats
- 2017
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Ingår i: World Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.. - 1007-9327. ; 23:42, s. 7531-7540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To investigate whether gut maturation could be induced precociously in an athymic T-cell deficient neonatal rat model. Methods: Fourteen day-old athymic (nude) rats (NIH-Foxn 1rnu) were gavaged with either phytohaemagglutinin - a lectin from red kidney beans (PHA); trypsin - a protease (Prot); or water - vehicle (control) as a single dose on one day or once a day for 3-day. The nude rats were either nurtured by their mothers or cross-fostered by conventional foster dams of the Sprague-Dawley strain from days 3-5 after birth. At 17 d of age, 72 h after administration of the first treatment, intestinal macromolecular permeability was tested in vivo, prior to euthanasia, after which blood and gut organs were sampled. Results: Provocation with both, PHA and protease, resulted in increased gut growth and maturation in nude rat pups independent of nursing. Foetal-type enterocytes were replaced by non-vacuolated adult-type enterocytes in the distal small intestine epithelium. Decreased intestinal macromolecular permeability (gut closure) was observed, with reduced permeability markers (BIgG and BSA, P < 0.001) in circulation. Increased pancreatic function, with an increased trypsin to protein ratio in pancreas homogenates, was observed independent of nursing in the nude pups. Immunostaining showed the presence of a few CD3+-cells in the intestinal mucosa of the nude pups. The number of CD3+-cells remained unaltered by provocation and no differences were observed between the nursing sets. Growth and vitality of the nude pups were dependent on nurturing, since cross-fostering by conventional dams increased their macromolecular absorptive capacity (BSA, P < 0.05), as well as their passive immunity (RIgG, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Precocious gut maturation can be induced by enteral provocation in athymic rat pups, similarly to in euthymic pups, thus showing an independence from thymusderived T-cells.
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| 73. |
- Svendsen, J, et al.
(författare)
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Intestinal macromolecular transmission in newborn pigs: Implications for management of neonatal pig survival and health
- 2005
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Ingår i: Livestock Production Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-6226. ; 97:2-3, s. 183-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect on intestinal macromolecular absorption capacity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer of feeding sow colostrum at different intervals and in different quantities to newborn pigs was studied. An amount of 15 ml/kg body weight (BW) colostrum was fed at 3 (treatment 3-15), 6 (treatment 6-15) or 12 (treatment 12-15) h intervals, respectively, starting 0-4 h after birth for 24 h; or 30 ml/kg BW was fed at 6 h intervals (treatment 6-30) or 60 ml/kg BW at 12 h intervals (treatment 12-60), respectively. All studies had a split litter design. These pigs were compared to littermates kept with the sow (treatment With sow). The absorption of IgG and the capacity for macromolecular uptake into the blood at 12 h (BSA as marker) and at 24 h (HSA as marker) were measured at 3 h after marker feeding and followed to 48 h of age. Gavage feeding unsuckled pigs a total of 120 ml colostrum/kg BW divided into 4-8 feedings over the first 24 h after birth resulted in a blood plasma IgG profile at 48 h comparable to that of their suckling littermates. Pigs fed a total 24-h amount of 30 or 60 ml colostrum/kg BW, had significantly lower plasma IgG levels at 27 and at 48 It, respectively. Feeding these low quantities was enough to initiate closure, so that these pigs still had lower levels of circulating IgG at 48 h than their littermates, and they probably maintained these lower IgG levels throughout the suckling period. It was concluded that feeding 30 ml colostrum/kg BW 4 times over the first 24 h provided the pig with plasma IgG levels comparable to that of their suckling littermates.
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| 74. |
- Söderholm, Johan D, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Epithelial permeability to proteins in the noninflamed ileum of Crohn's disease?
- 1999
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Ingår i: Gastroenterology. - 0016-5085 .- 1528-0012. ; 117:1, s. 65-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background & Aims: Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with a disturbed intestinal barrier. Permeability studies have focused on inert molecules, but little is known about transepithelial transport of macromolecules with antigenic potential in humans. The aim of this study was to quantify permeation and to characterize passage routes for macromolecules in ileal mucosa in CD.Methods: Noninflamed and inflamed ileal mucosa specimens from patients with CD (n = 12) and ileal specimens from patients with colon cancer (n = 7) were studied regarding transmucosal permeation of ovalbumin, dextran (mol wt, 40,000), and 51Cr-EDTA for 90 minutes in vitro in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial passage routes for fluorescent ovalbumin and dextran 40,000 were investigated by confocal microscopy.Results: Noninflamed ileum from CD patients showed increased permeation of ovalbumin compared with ileum from colon cancer patients (P < 0.05). Dextran permeation was equal in the three groups, whereas 51Cr-EDTA permeability was increased in inflamed ileum. Ovalbumin passed both transcellularly and paracellularly, but dextran followed a strictly paracellular route. Both markers were subsequently endocytosed by cells of the lamina propria.Conclusions: Noninflamed ileal mucosa from patients with CD shows increased epithelial permeability to ovalbumin, probably by augmented transcytosis. This increase in antigen load to the lamina propria could be an initiating pathogenic event in CD.
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| 75. |
- Tannergren, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pancreatic and biliary depletion on in vivo pharmacokinetics of digoxin in pigs
- 2006
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Ingår i: Advances in Understanding Oral Absorption and Delivery of Problem Compounds - Selected Papers from the 3rd World Conference on Drug Absorption, Transport and Delivery (European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences). - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0720 .- 0928-0987. ; 29:3-4, s. 198-204
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several transporter systems in the liver and intestine are known to change their expression and function during cholestatic disease states. The objective of the-present in vivo study-was to investigate the effect of biliary depletion, as a method to mimic cholestasis, on the bioavailability and disposition of digoxin in biliary and pancreatic duct cannulated pigs. The study was divided in two parts. In the first part, a solution of 10 mu g/kg digoxin was administered intravenously to the cannulated pigs with intact enterohepatic circulation (Control) and during depletion of the bile and pancreatic juice. In the second part, the same dose of digoxin was adminstered intraduodenally with intact enterohepatic circulation (Control) and during depletion of either bile or pancreatic juice or both. Biliary depletion decreased the flow of bile and pancreas juice as well as the amount of digoxin appearing in the bile. Deprivation of both bile and pancreas juice significantly increased the bioavailability of digoxin, the plasma AUC after enteral administration increased from 17.6 +/- 4.2 nmol/lh (Control) to 29.6 +/- 8.3,nmol/lh (P < 0.05). The biliary clearance decreased significantly, from 0.22 +/- 10.11 l/h/kg (Control) to 0.04 +/- 0.03 l/h/kg during pancreatic and biliary depletion (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in elimination half-life (P < 0.05) and volume of distribution (P < 0.01) during the depletion experiments while the systemic clearance remained unchanged. The results clearly suggest that biliary depletion trigger a short-term downregulation, most likely posttranscriptionally mediated, of a sinusoidal uptake transporter in the liver, possibly a pig ortholog of OATP. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 76. |
- Thomsson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of crude red kidney bean lectin (phytohemagglutinin) exposure on performance, health, feeding behavior, and gut maturation of pigs at weaning
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 85:2, s. 477-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to obtain information that could help to ease the weaning transition in commercial pig production. Before weaning, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the form of a crude preparation of red kidney bean lectin was fed by gavage to 24 crossbred [(Swedish Landrace x Yorkshire) x Hampshire] piglets, whereas 24 control piglets were fed -lactalbumin by gavage, to study the effect on growth, occurrence of postweaning diarrhea, feeding behavior, and some anatomical and physiological traits of the gastrointestinal tract. Within the litter, piglets were randomly assigned to PHA treatment or control and remained in the same pen from the beginning (PHA exposure at 7 d before weaning) until the end of the experiment (14 d post-weaning). Weaning took place at the age of 31 to 34 d. Pigs treated with PHA grew faster (P = 0.013) during the first week postweaning and tended to have lower total diarrhea scores (P = 0.10) than did control pigs. On d 5 after weaning, piglets treated with PHA spent more time eating (P = 0.028) than control pigs. No immunostimulating effect of PHA, measured by plasma immunoglobulin G, could be detected. An increase in the intestinal barrier properties before weaning, as a response to PHA treatment, was demonstrated in intestinal absorption studies using Na-fluorescein and BSA as gavage-fed markers. Less uptake (measured as plasma concentrations) of the marker molecule Na-fluorescein occurred during a 24-h study period, and numerically lower levels of BSA were observed compared with studies in control pigs of the same age. A total of 12 pigs (6 control, 6 PHA-treated) were euthanized on the day of weaning for analyses of gastrointestinal properties. The PHA-treated pigs tended to have a longer total small intestinal length (P = 0.063) than that of the control pigs. The enzyme profile of the jejunal epithelium responded to PHA exposure with a decrease in lactase activity and an increase in maltase and sucrase activities, which is similar to changes normally observed after weaning. No differences were found in the size of the pancreas or in its contents of trypsin and amylase. In conclusion, exposing piglets to crude, red kidney bean lectin for 3 d during the week before weaning led to changes in performance and small intestinal functional properties that would be expected to contribute to a more successful weaning.
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| 77. |
- van den Borne, Jost, et al.
(författare)
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Exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs fed sow's milk and milk replacer, and its relationship to growth performance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 85:2, s. 404-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the effects of sow’s milk and 2 milk replacer diets (containing clotting or nonclotting protein sources) on exocrine pancreatic secretion, plasma cholecystokinin, and immunoreactive cationic trypsin in pigs. In addition, the relationship between exocrine pancreatic secretion and growth in milk-fed pigs was studied. In a changeover experiment, 9 chronically catheterized pigs of 6.6 ± 0.19 kg of BW were studied for 3 wk. Pigs were assigned to each of 3 diets. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was measured from the third to the seventh day on each diet. The protein content and trypsin activity of the pancreatic juice were measured. Blood samples were taken at 10 min before and after milk ingestion and were analyzed for cholecystokinin and immunoreactive cationic trypsin. Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion did not differ between pigs fed sow’s milk and those fed milk replacer, but the volume secreted was less for the pigs fed sow’s milk (0.75 vs. 1.03 mL·kg–1·h–1; P < 0.01). A postprandial response to milk intake was not observed. The 2 milk replacer diets did not affect exocrine pancreatic secretion differently. The average exocrine pancreatic secretion (volume, 0.94 mL·kg–1·h–1; protein, 4.28 mg·kg–1·h–1; trypsin, 1.65 U·kg–1·h–1) was intermediate between literature values for suckling and weaned pigs. Plasma cholecystokinin was elevated (18 pmol·L–1) and showed low correlations with the pancreatic secretion traits. Plasma immunoreactive cationic trypsin was not significantly related to any of the pancreatic secretion traits and should therefore not be used as an indicator for exocrine pancreatic function in milk-fed pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion varied substantially among individual pigs (protein, 0.22 to 13.98 mg·kg–1·h–1). Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion showed a positive, nonlinear relationship with performance traits. It was concluded that neither specific sow’s milk ingredients nor the protein source are responsible for a low pancreatic protein secretion in suckling pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was positively correlated with ADG in pigs at an identical milk intake.
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| 78. |
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| 79. |
- Weström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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The Immature Gut Barrier and Its Importance in Establishing Immunity in Newborn Mammals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Immunology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-3224. ; 11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut is an efficient barrier which protects against the passage of pathogenic microorganisms and potential harmful macromolecules into the body, in addition to its primary function of nutrient digestion and absorption. Contrary to the restricted macromolecular passage in adulthood, enhanced transfer takes place across the intestines during early life, due to the high endocytic capacity of the immature intestinal epithelial cells during the fetal and/or neonatal periods. The timing and extent of this enhanced endocytic capacity is dependent on animal species, with a prominent non-selective intestinal macromolecular transfer in newborn ungulates, e.g., pigs, during the first few days of life, and a selective transfer of mainly immunoglobulin G (IgG), mediated by the FcRn receptor, in suckling rodents, e.g., rats and mice. In primates, maternal IgG is transferred during fetal life via the placenta, and intestinal macromolecular transfer is largely restricted in human neonates. The period of intestinal macromolecular transmission provides passive immune protection through the transfer of IgG antibodies from an immune competent mother; and may even have extra-immune beneficial effects on organ maturation in the offspring. Moreover, intestinal transfer during the fetal/neonatal periods results in increased exposure to microbial and food antigens which are then presented to the underlying immune system, which is both naïve and immature. This likely stimulates the maturation of the immune system and shifts the response toward tolerance induction instead of activation or inflammation, as usually seen in adulthood. Ingestion of mother's milk and the dietary transition to complex food at weaning, as well as the transient changes in the gut microbiota during the neonatal period, are also involved in the resulting immune response. Any disturbances in timing and/or balance of these parallel processes, i.e., intestinal epithelial maturation, luminal microbial colonization and mucosal immune maturation due to, e.g., preterm birth, infection, antibiotic use or nutrient changes during the neonatal period, might affect the establishment of the immune system in the infant. This review will focus on how differing developmental processes in the intestinal epithelium affect the macromolecular passage in different species and the possible impact of such passage on the establishment of immunity during the critical perinatal period in young mammals.
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| 80. |
- Wierup, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Ghrelin and motilin are cosecreted from a prominent endocrine cell population in the small intestine
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7197 .- 0021-972X. ; 92:9, s. 3573-3581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Ghrelin is a novel hormone produced mainly in the gastric body. Hitherto, mapping studies of ghrelin cells covering the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract in humans have been lacking. Furthermore, the phenotype of extragastric ghrelin cells is not known. Objective: The objective of the study was to perform a detailed mapping with specimens from all parts of the GI tract, and colocalization studies to phenotype ghrelin cells along the tract. In addition, mapping of ghrelin cells was performed in porcine GI tract, and the plasma profiles of ghrelin and motilin in blood from the porcine intestine were measured. Design: Biopsies from patients were obtained during gastroscopy or surgery. Ghrelin cell density and phenotyping was assessed with immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and immunogold electron microscopy. Plasma ghrelin and motilin levels were measured in pigs, fitted with cannulas in the mesenteric vein. Results: The upper small intestine is unexpectedly rich in ghrelin cells, and these cells contribute to circulating ghrelin. Ghrelin and motilin are coproduced in the same cells in the duodenum and jejunum of both species, and ghrelin and motilin are stored in all secretory granules of such cells in humans, indicating cosecretion. The plasma profiles of ghrelin and motilin in pig were parallel, and a correlation between ghrelin and motilin ( r(2) = 0.22; P < 0.001) was evident in intestinal blood. Conclusions: The upper small intestine is an important source of ghrelin. The likely cosecretion of intestinal ghrelin and motilin suggests concerted actions of the two hormones. These data may have implications for understanding gut motility and clinical implications for dysmotility and bariatric surgery.
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