| 11. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, 1974-
(författare)
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Adolescents with Depression Grown up : Education, Intimate Relationships, Mental Health, and Personality
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Unipolar depression, estimated to be the leading contributor to burden of disease in middle- and high-income countries, often has an onset in adolescence. The disorder is associated with substantial role impairment and is highly recurrent. This raises questions about both subsequent mental health and social outcome. In order to shed light on this, a community sample of adolescents with depression and non-depressed peers was followed-up after 15 years. In 1991-93, first-year students in upper secondary school (age 16-17) in the town of Uppsala, Sweden, were screened for depression. Adolescents with positive screening and selected peers with negative screening (n=631 in total) were assessed regarding mental health, social situation, and personality. At around age 31, the participants were followed-up in both national registers (n=609) and personal interviews (n=409). Outcome regarding social factors, mental health, and personality was assessed. At follow-up, the former depressed adolescents had completed higher education to a lesser extent than the former non-depressed adolescents. The females with adolescent depression were also at increased risk of subsequent abortion, divorce, single parenthood, and partner violence. Characteristics associated with depression in adolescence (such as poor school performance and disruptive disorders) seemed to contribute to the poor outcome in the social domain. Regarding adult mental health, long-term depression in adolescence was associated with a particularly poor outcome. Compared to adolescents with shorter episodes of depression, those with long-term depression were more likely to report recurrent depression, suicidal ideation, and a range of other mental disorders in adulthood. Measures of personality traits related to neuroticism (a tendency towards negative emotionality) were elevated during ongoing depression and anxiety disorders, but were normalized with remission. However, repeated depressive episodes seemed to leave the individual more vulnerable to stress. It is now important to assess if early treatment can alter the poor outcome depicted in this thesis. Since social adversity, educational difficulties, and interpersonal problems accompany the depressive disorder from adolescence onward, it should also be investigated if interventions aimed at such contextual factors can prevent recurrence and improve quality of life.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate relationships and childbearing after adolescent depression : a population-based 15 year follow-up study
- 2011
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 46:8, s. 711-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Adolescent depression is associated with a range of interpersonal adversities. We hypothesized that depressed adolescents are at subsequent increased risk of problems related to intimate relationships and childbearing in adulthood, and used longitudinal data to examine this.Method: A population-based investigation of depression in 16 to 17 year olds was followed up after 15 years, at around the age of 30 years. Comparisons were made between adolescents with depression (n = 361, 78% females) and non-depressed peers (n = 248, 77% females). Data from both national registers and personal interviews were used.Results: At follow-up, the former depressed and non-depressed adolescents had become parents to a similar extent. The former depressed females were more likely than the non-depressed females to report abortion, miscarriage, intimate partner violence and sexually transmitted disease. They also reported a higher number of intimate relationships and were more likely to have divorced and to be registered as single mothers. Depressed females with a comorbid disruptive disorder had a particularly poor outcome. In the depressed females without a disruptive disorder, only those who subsequently had recurrent depressions in adulthood were at increased risk of poor outcome. There was no indication that the formerly depressed males were at increased risk of subsequent problems related to intimate relationships.Conclusion: Females with adolescent depression subsequently have problems related to intimate relationships and childbearing. Disruptive disorders and recurrence of depression appear to be instrumental in this association. Attention should be given to intimate relationship problems and sexual and reproductive health issues in young women with depression.
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| 14. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression : 15-year follow-up of a community sample
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 130:3, s. 395-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the unfavourable natural course of chronic/long-term depression. We investigated the adult mental health outcome of adolescent depression, with specific focus on long-term and episodic adolescent major depression (MD). METHODS: A community sample of depressed adolescents and non-depressed peers was followed-up with a structured diagnostic interview after 15years. The participants (n=382) were divided into five groups depending on their status in adolescence: no depression (n=155); long-term MD (n=91); episodic MD (n=63); dysthymia (n=33); and subthreshold symptoms (n=40). Outcomes (age 19-31) included mood disorders, other mental disorders, suicidality, and treatment for mental disorders. RESULTS: The long-term group overall had a poorer outcome than the non-depressed group, with the episodic group in an intermediate position. The outcome of the dysthymic group was similar to that of the long-term group, while the subsyndromal group did not differ markedly from the non-depressed group. The long-term group was more likely than the episodic group to report adult anxiety disorders, multiple mental disorders, suicide attempts, and treatment; they also seemed to develop more persistent adult depressions, with a higher number of recurrent episodes and longer duration of antidepressant treatment. Even after adjustment for adolescent factors of clinical and etiological importance, the long-term group had a markedly less favourable outcome than the episodic group. LIMITATION: The participation rate at follow-up was 64.6%. CONCLUSION: Longstanding depression in adolescence is a powerful predictor of continued mental health problems in adulthood. It is now important to evaluate if early interventions can alter this severe course.
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| 15. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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School performance and hospital admission due to unipolar depression : a three-generational study of social causation and social selection
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 47:10, s. 1695-1706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both "social causation" and "social selection" offer plausible explanations for an association between education and mental health. We aimed to explore these processes in unipolar depression, with a specific focus on school performance and family tradition of education. Grandchildren (N = 28,089, 49% female, aged 13-47 years in 2002) of a cohort born in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1915-1929 were studied in national registers. We obtained data on final grade point average (GPA) in compulsory school, hospitalizations for unipolar depression, grandparental/parental education and other parental social characteristics. Hospitalization in adolescence and adulthood were studied separately, as were hospitalization for depression with or without a lifetime externalizing disorder. Low compulsory school GPA (1-2 SD or > 2 SD below average vs. average GPA) was associated with increased rate of adolescent hospitalization for unipolar depression, both with externalizing comorbidity [hazard ratio (HR) point estimates of 66-80] and without (HR point estimates of 4-6). By contrast, low GPA was only associated with first-time hospitalization in adulthood for the subgroup with externalizing comorbidity (HR point estimates of 4-6). These associations were largely independent of family education and social characteristics. Overall, low parental/grandparental education was not related to increased rates of hospitalization. The association between school performance and hospitalization for depression depended on adolescent hospitalization or externalizing comorbidity, suggesting that disorders with an early onset are decisive. Contrary to the social patterning of many health outcomes, low grandparental/parental education did not appear to increase the rate of hospitalization for unipolar depression in the offspring.
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| 16. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Subsequent higher education after adolescent depression : A 15-year follow-up register study
- 2010
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Ingår i: European psychiatry. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0924-9338 .- 1778-3585. ; 25:7, s. 396-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adolescent depression has been shown to have a range of adverse outcomes. We used longitudinal data to investigate subsequent higher education in former depressed adolescents. Method: A Swedish population-based investigation of depression in 16-17-year-olds was followed up in national registers 15 years later. Adolescents with depression (n=361, 78% females) were compared to a group of non-depressed peers of the same age (n=248, 77% females). The main outcome was graduation from higher education by age 30. Results: The adolescent with depression were less likely than their non-depressed peers to have graduated from higher education by age 30, both regarding females (27.7% vs. 36.4%, p<05) and males (12.7% vs. 28.6%, p<05). After adjustment for early school performance, socioeconomic status and maternal education, the decreased likelihood of subsequent graduation from higher education remained for depressed males (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.93) but not for depressed females (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.58-1.49). Conclusion: Contrary to what previous research has suggested, adolescent depression and its consequences might be particularly destructive to subsequent higher education in males.
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| 17. |
- Päären, Aivar, et al.
(författare)
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Drug prescriptions of adults with adolescent depression in a community sample
- 2012
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Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 21:2, s. 130-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe prescription drugs have, to our knowledge, not been much studied in epidemiological samples with long-term follow-up. Accordingly, our purpose was to analyze the use of prescription drugs in adults with adolescent depression.MethodsA population-based cohort of adolescents (n = 2465) was screened for the presence of depressive symptoms and diagnosed according to a structured interview. Totally, 362 individuals were identified as depressed and compared with 250 non-depressed controls. The prescription drugs were evaluated at the age of 29-31 years from a register kept by the National Health and Welfare Board.ResultsThe formerly depressed females received significantly more prescription drugs, such as antidepressants, antiepileptics, antibacterials, antimycotics, and antihistamines for systemic use as well as other drugs, compared with controls (15.6 +/- 27.4 vs 8.2 +/- 7.4 recipes, p < 0.001). Formerly depressed males did not differ from controls regarding prescription drugs.ConclusionsThe females but not males with adolescent depression subsequently received more prescription drugs than non-depressed peers. Depressed female adolescents received more psychotropic and non-psychotropic drugs later in life compared to the non-depressed. This might be as a result of physical illnesses, different treatment-seeking behaviors, or somatizing reactions.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Päären, Aivar, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Early risk factors for adult bipolar disorder in adolescents with mood disorders : A 15-year follow-up of a community sample
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-244X. ; 14:1, s. 363-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We aimed to outline the early risk factors for adult bipolar disorder (BPD) in adolescents with mood disorders.Methods: Adolescents (16-17 years old) with mood disorders (n=287; 90 participants with hypomania spectrum episodes and 197 with major depressive disorder [MDD]) were identified from a community sample. Fifteen years later (at 30-33 years of age), mood episodes were assessed (n=194). The risk of developing BPD (n=22), compared with MDD (n=104) or no mood episodes in adulthood (n=68), was estimated via logistic regression. Adolescent mood symptoms, non-mood disorders, and family characteristics were assessed as potential risk factors.Results: Among the adolescents with mood disorders, a family history of BPD was the strongest predictor of developing BPD compared with having no mood episodes in adulthood (OR=5.94; 95% CI=1.11-31.73), whereas disruptive disorders significantly increased the risk of developing BPD compared with developing MDD (OR=2.94; CI=1.06-8.12). The risk that adolescents with MDD would develop adult BPD, versus having no mood episodes in adulthood, was elevated among those with an early disruptive disorder (OR=3.62; CI=1.09-12.07) or multiple somatic symptoms (OR=6.60; CI=1.70-25.67). Only disruptive disorders significantly predicted adult BPD among adolescents with MDD versus continued MDD in adulthood (OR=3.59; CI=1.17-10.97). Only a few adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes continued to have BPD as adults, and anxiety disorders appeared to increase this risk.Conclusions: Although most of the identified potential risk factors are likely general predictors of continued mood disorders, disruptive disorders emerged as specific predictors of developing adult BPD among adolescents with MDD.
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| 20. |
- Päären, Aivar, et al.
(författare)
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Hypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence : a 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - 1471-244X. ; 14, s. 9-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:We investigated whether adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes have an excess risk of mental and physical morbidity in adulthood, as compared with adolescents exclusively reporting major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls without a history of adolescent mood disorders.Methods:A community sample of adolescents (N = 2 300) in the town of Uppsala, Sweden, was screened for depressive symptoms. Both participants with positive screening and matched controls (in total 631) were diagnostically interviewed. Ninety participants reported hypomania spectrum episodes (40 full-syndromal, 18 with brief episode, and 32 subsyndromal), while another 197 fulfilled the criteria for MDD without a history of a hypomania spectrum episode. A follow up after 15 years included a blinded diagnostic interview, a self-assessment of personality disorders, and national register data on prescription drugs and health services use. The participation rate at the follow-up interview was 71% (64/90) for the hypomania spectrum group, and 65.9% (130/197) for the MDD group. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data.Results:The outcomes of the hypomania spectrum group and the MDD group were similar regarding subsequent non-mood Axis I disorders in adulthood (present in 53 vs. 57%). A personality disorder was reported by 29% of the hypomania spectrum group and by 20% of the MDD group, but a statistically significant difference was reached only for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (24 vs. 14%). In both groups, the risk of Axis I disorders and personality disorders in adulthood correlated with continuation of mood disorder. Prescription drugs and health service use in adulthood was similar in the two groups. Compared with adolescents without mood disorders, both groups had a higher subsequent risk of psychiatric morbidity, used more mental health care, and received more psychotropic drugs. Conclusions: Although adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes and adolescents with MDD do not differ substantially in health outcomes, both groups are at increased risk for subsequent mental health problems. Thus, it is important to identify and treat children and adolescents with mood disorders, and carefully follow the continuing course.
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