| 20911. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Macro-minerals at optimum concentrations - protection against diseases
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 33-61
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a high content of minerals in so-called hard groundwater/drinking water, in areas with especially limestone, some kinds of sandstone and shales. Studies have shown lower incidence rates of different diseases in such areas. Calcium, magnesium and hydrogen carbonate from drinking water decrease the risk of especially cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, probably also cancer and diabetes. Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3) counteracts metabolic acidosis, and decreases loss of Ca and Mg via the urine. Sulphate (SO4) together with Mg may be active against constipation, but at too high level this water may cause diarrhoea. Ca and F (see further Chap. 4) in drinking water explains a great deal of the variation in the numbers of decayed, filled and missing tooth surfaces. However, there are some optimal ranges of the minerals to be only beneficial for health as high concentrations may be related to other health risks. Scientific studies also show that microelements like Se, Mo, Li and Cr from drinking water are important. Water softeners with NaCl, where Ca and Mg are more or less eliminated and exchanged for Na, can provide sodium (Na) levels of over 300 mg/L and cause especially elevated blood pressure. Water should not be softened to levels <8 °dH (<1.4 mmol/L). In the era of desalination, which produces drinking water with exceptionally low levels of mineral elements, even if the water is re-mineralized or pH-adjusted to avoid corrosion, such water may be harmful to sensitive individuals; e.g. those with low mineral intake from food. This will be expensive for society, mostly due to higher costs for healthcare, which recently has been estimated in a Danish study, but also, e.g., due to corrosion of pipes and installations. Suggested ranges for Ca, Mg, HCO3 and SO4 are: Ca 30-80 mg/L, Mg 10-50 mg/L, HCO3100-300 mg/L and SO4 25-100 mg/L, with Ca:Mg: 2-3:1. So far WHO (World Health Organisation) has not established minimum accepted concentrations for these elements.
|
|
| 20912. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Macrominerals at optimum concentrations - protective against diseases
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319095936 ; , s. 33-52
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Areas with hard water and high concentrations of calcium and magnesium have shown lower incidence rates of diseases, for example, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, cancer, and diabetes, magnesium often identified as most important. However, the effect evens itself out at too high levels. On the other hand, acidic and soft water may be harmful for the body. Other minerals than calcium and magnesium are also important. Thus, elevated bicarbonate counteracts metabolic acidosis, and sulfate is active against constipation but causes diarrhea at too high levels. Water softeners can provide sodium levels of over 300 mg/L and cause elevated blood pressure. Since too little and too much is as bad, suggested ranges of the macrominerals and element ratios are presented in the chapter.
|
|
| 20913. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Micro-minerals at optimum concentrations - protection against diseases
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 63-99
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Micro-minerals are as necessary as macro-minerals, but in lower doses, micro-doses. Drinking water may be a substantial source. Goitre is uncommon where iodine (I) is >50 µg/L. Levels of about 1 mg/L of fluoride (F) in drinking water is protective against dental caries, but more than 1.5 mg/L may cause dental stains or in the worst case bone deformations. Low selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) is connected to heart diseases and cancer. Lithium (Li) in drinking water decreases the incidence of violent crimes and suicide. Boron (B, <1 mg/L) and chromium (Cr-III) from drinking water may be beneficial. Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are nutrients, but concentrations >1 mg/L may cause diarrhoea and subsequent symptoms. Elevated manganese (Mn) may negatively affect the nervous system.
|
|
| 20914. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Microminerals at optimum concentrations : Protection against diseases
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319095936 ; , s. 53-77
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Microminerals are as necessary as macrominerals but in lower doses. Drinking water may be a substantial source. Low selenium and Mo is connected to heart diseases and cancer. Lithium decreases the incidence of violent crimes and suicide. Boron and chromium (Cr–III) from drinking water may be beneficial. Goiter is uncommon where iodine in drinking water is high. Fluoride is protective against dental caries, but too much causes bone deformations. On the other hand, even though copper and iron are nutrients, concentrations >0.2 mg/L may cause diarrhoea, and elevated manganese may negatively affect the nervous system. Safe health–bringing ranges of nutrient elements are suggested in the chapter.
|
|
| 20915. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Mineral balance in bottled waters
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. - LONDON : IWA PUBLISHING. ; , s. 283-283
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 20916. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Mineral balance in water : before and after treatment
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Metals and related substances in drinking water. - LONDON : IWA PUBLISHING. ; , s. 116-125
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The importance of minerals from drinking water is a question of increasing interest. Different treatment methods performed to remove undesirable substances of the water may completely alter the mineral balance of the water. Thus, the measure taken may eliminate one health problem for consumers of the water, but cause new. Softening filters substantially decrease a number of elements and ions, especially the important metal Ca, which is included in the building of bones and teeth, and irreplaceable in the heart and nerve function. In addition, a number of other elements in limestone decrease in concentration, some very important to the human health. The change in element concentrations in three different Swedish municipal water plants, with hard and mineral rich raw water, are reflected in this paper; one without- and two with softening filter. RO (Reverse Osmosis) filters completely de-mineralize water. This may cause de-mineralization of the whole body. No scientific studies on health effects from drinking RO treated drinking water were to be found, even though the method is rapidly increasing in use among the public and on water plants around the world. Thus, the concentrations of metals and ions in one sample of well water with RO filter installed at the kitchen tap is compared to mean levels of mineral elements in acid and alkaline well waters in a study from 2002.
|
|
| 20917. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Mineral composition of drinking water and daily uptake
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319095936 - 9783319095929 ; , s. 25-31
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Conductivity in mS/m or S/cm gives a rough idea of the amount of dissolved ions in water. Distilled water and reverse osmosis–treated water have extremely low conductivity, while the conductivity of water from sandstone is higher and that of water from limestone (hard water) even higher. Thus, the variation of the contribution of minerals from drinking water is large. A Swedish study on well waters, bottled waters, and municipal waters showed that the contribution to the daily intake of minerals from water varied from zero to well over 100 %.
|
|
| 20918. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Potentially toxic elements in drinking water in alphabetic order
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319095936 ; , s. 79-101
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most toxic elements in drinking water are regulated by WHO and EU. Elevated levels of aluminum in drinking water are suspected to be related to dementia and Alzheimer's disease; arsenic is linked to skin disorders and lung cancers. Cadmium may cause renal effects. Pb can cause decreased IQ in children, hypertension, and damaged red blood cell production. Nitrite and nitrate change the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen, which is unsuitable for transportation of oxygen in the blood. Radon may cause lung cancer, uranium kidney diseases and decreased fertility, antimony increased cholesterol levels, and barium intestinal and cardiovascular diseases. However, elements like calcium in drinking water may decrease the negative health effects of a toxic element and should not be eliminated.
|
|
| 20919. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Potentially toxic elements in drinking water in alphabetical order
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance: Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 101-126
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most toxic elements in drinking water are regulated by the World Health Organization, WHO. Elevated levels of arsenic (As) are linked to skin disorders and lung cancers. Cadmium (Cd) may cause renal effects. Lead (Pb) can cause decreased IQ in children, hypertension, and damaged red blood cell production. Nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) forms complex with haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, which is unsuitable for transportation of oxygen in the blood. Radon (Rn) can cause lung cancer, uranium (U) especially kidney diseases, antimony (Sb) increased cholesterol levels, and barium (Ba) intestinal and cardiovascular diseases. However, elements like Ca and Mg in drinking water may decrease negative health effects of a toxic element, and should not be decreased if they are not present in excessive amounts.
|
|
| 20920. |
- Rosborg, Ingegerd
(författare)
-
The positive effects of drinking water on mineral balance; optimum nutrient ratios and protection against toxic elements by nutrient elements
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 161-165
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mineral ratios are important because minerals can operate both antagonistically and synergistically with each other. Ca and Mg are synergists, but elevated Ca:Mg ratio in especially mineral-poor water will increase the risk of acute myocardial infarction due to suppressed Mg absorbtion. High concentrations of Mg and Ca in water may be protective against elevated levels of Fe, Pb, U and Cd, since especially Ca acts antagonistically against Pb, Cd and U, and Mg against Fe. The risk of rectal cancer from THMs is increased when Mg is low. The ratio (Ca + Mg + K):Al was higher in alkaline waters and women’s hair than in acid, and women consuming alkaline well waters were healthier. In addition, the risk of getting cancer from elevated tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and trihalomethanes (THM) may be lower than the risk for cardiovascular diseases, due to low levels of Ca, Mg and HCO3 in drinking water.
|
|
