| 51111. |
- Madison, Guy, et al.
(författare)
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Musical improvisation skill in a prospective partner is associated with mate value and preferences, consistent with sexual selection and parental investment theory : implications for the origin of music
- 2018
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Ingår i: Evolution and human behavior. - : Elsevier. - 1090-5138 .- 1879-0607. ; 39:1, s. 120-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music is a human universal, which suggests a biological adaptation. Several evolutionary explanations have been proposed, covering the entire spectrum of natural, sexual, and group selection. Here we consider the hypothesis that musical behaviour constitutes a reliable or even costly signal of fitness, and thus may have evolved as a human trait through sexual selection. We experimentally tested how musical performance quality (MPQ), in improvisations on the drums, saxophone, and violin, affects mate values and mate preferences perceived by a prospective partner. Swedish student participants (27 of each sex) saw a face of a person of the opposite sex and heard a piece of improvised music being played. The music occurred in three levels of MPQ and the faces in three levels of facial attractiveness (FA). For each parametric combination of MPG and FA, the participants rated four mate value scales (intelligence, health, social status, and parenting skill) and four mate preference scales (date, intercourse, and short- and long term relationship). Consistent with sexual selection theory, mate value ratings were generally increased by MPQ for raters of both sexes. Consistent with more specific hypotheses that follow from combining sexual selection and parental investment theory, women’s but not men’s preference for a long-term, but not short-term, relationship was significantly increased by MPQ, MPQ generally affected women’s ratings more than men’s, FA generally affected men’s ratings more than women’s, and women’s ratings of intelligence were even more influenced by MPQ than by FA.
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| 51112. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Musikens positiva kraft
- 2011
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; 20:1, s. 46-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 51113. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Numbers of publications and citations for researchers in fields pertinent to the social services : a comparison of peer-reviewed journal publications across six disciplines
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 127, s. 6029-6046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Timely dissemination of knowledge is essential and fosters development of knowledge both within academe and the wider society, not least for knowledge that serves practises outside of academia. Here, we compare six disciplines which provide health-related knowledge that serve the health and social services. Most previous research compares the size and impact of the body of publications belonging to each discipline, which ignores the distribution of seniority, productivity, and impact amongst researchers. Instead, we consider the whole population of academics in Sweden employed or active within each discipline, including those who have nil publications. The disciplines form three clusters, where researchers in Public Health and Nursing and Caring science claim about 15 articles per author, Psychology about 10, and Education, Sociology and Social Work less than four. Their numbers of citations follow the same pattern, and are substantially correlated with the number of articles. Tenured or full professors had about 50% more publications and citations per publication than had associate professors. The distributions indicate clear modes at 0, 4, and 16 publications for each cluster, and provide the proportions of researchers within each discipline who have no such publications at all. We discuss the implications of these results for policy, practice, and knowledge quality in the social services and the welfare sector.
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| 51114. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
On the limits of anisochrony in pulse attribution
- 2002
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Ingår i: Psychological Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0727 .- 1430-2772. ; 66:3, s. 201-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulse is the subjective experience of isochrony, which is typically elicited by series of sensory events with close to isochronous spacing, as is common in music and poetry. We measured the amount of anisochrony in a 10-event sequence with 570-630 ms nominal inter onset intervals (IOI) that corresponded to the threshold for pulse attribution. This threshold was 8.6% of the IOI across 28 participants with a wide range of musical training, as compared with 3.5% for detection of anisochrony in the same kind of sequence. Musical training led to lower thresholds for detection of irregularity but had no effect on pulse attribution. The relatively larger amount of anisochrony in pulse attribution may reflect the limit for predicting and synchronising with future events. We suggest that this limit reflects a compromise between tolerance for naturally occurring deviations and the need for precision in timing.
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| 51115. |
- Madison, Guy
(författare)
-
Parental effort vs. mating effort
- 2019
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196497 - 9783319169996
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 51116. |
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| 51117. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-
(författare)
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Perception of jazz and other groove-based music as a function of tempo
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 5th triennial ESCOM conference. - Hanover : School of music and drama. ; , s. 365-367
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Musicians tend to regard a specific tempo as appropriate for a given piece of music, while listeners' preferences are little affected by tempo changes way beyond what can be perceived, according to empirical results. Recognising that a primary goal of groove-based music is to induce body movement, the present study explores whether the experience of groove and movement in music might reflect an optimal tempo for certain music examples, and whether this might be dissociated from general preference. Aims. To show how music experience is affected by altering the tempo determined by the artist or producer.Method. Stimuli were original recordings of instrumental ensemble music and versions of these in which the tempo was altered by 20%, 10%, +10%, or +20% by means of DSP software. Listeners rated 14 adjectives in response to each music example. Results. As a function of tempo, ratings of rapid and intense increased while ratings of calm decreased. Ratings associated with aesthetic or musical evaluation, such as good, groovy, and swinging were lower for decreased tempi but insignificantly altered for increased tempi. Conclusions. The notion of optimal tempo found some support in the fact that although tempo was linearly related to adjectives associated with speed, ratings of evaluative adjectives were not systematically higher for any altered tempo. The question remains whether optimal tempo is determined by the melody or other structural properties of the composition, the musical arrangement, or performance characteristics.
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| 51118. |
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| 51119. |
- Madison, Guy, et al.
(författare)
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Physical and psychological effects from supervised aerobic music exercise
- 2013
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Ingår i: American Journal of Health Behavior. - : P N G Publications. - 1087-3244 .- 1945-7359. ; 37:6, s. 780-793
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To assess the physical and psychological effects across 11 weeks of music-exercise sessions, the participants' training experience, and attitudes towards physical activity. The effect of different music information was also investigated.METHODS: Overall, 146 sedentary volunteers were randomized into 4 exercise groups and each group received different music information. Physical capacity and psychological measures were obtained.RESULTS: Increased performance in oxygen uptake and flexibility and decreased blood pressure was found. Participants reported increased wellbeing and body-awareness, and an intention to remain physically active. No differences between groups were found.CONCLUSION: Music-exercise can be recommended to promote physical activity among sedentary individuals. The amount of musical information in synchronous music seems not to have any effects on self-selected intensity or physiological benefits.
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| 51120. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-
(författare)
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Presumption and prejudice : quotas may solve some problems, but create many more
- 2017
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Ingår i: Mankind Quarterly. - Washington : Council for Social and Economic Studies. - 0025-2344. ; 58:1, s. 117-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some Western countries contemplate, or have already implemented, legislative means to counter group differences. Here, I consider the arguments for, and consequences of, sex quotas. I find that it is logically incoherent to impose selection based on group membership, such as quotas, unless one acknowledges that there is a group difference in some trait that affects the outcome in the domain in which the selection takes place. If such a group difference is acknowledged, however, a quota might decrease the proportion of individuals who are more likely to have undesirable traits that are difficult to measure. However, the fact that traits are normally distributed and overlap across groups means that it is more effective to select for desirable traits than for group membership. Also, quotas inevitably entail negative consequences that should be weighed in. From the perspective of the individual, it is fairer to be selected on the basis of traits one actually has, rather than a stereotype of the group one belongs to. From the perspective of society as a whole, focussing on group differences and selecting based on group membership is divisive and conflict-driving, and stirs hostility based on competition over resources and social status. These arguments and conclusions are applicable to other groups and group differences in general.
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