| 51. |
- Bjälke, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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BOF (Barnorienterad familjeterapi) : symtomens arena?
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barnorienterad familjeterapi - BOF, en terapiform där barn och föräldrar leker tillsammans i en sandlåda med ett material av dockor, djur, träd, staket, etc. I studien undersöker vi om man med ledning av det som sker i leken, samhandlingen, kan se och förstå barnets problem, dvs det symtom familjen sökte till BUP för.Vi valde att dela in symtomen i tre huvudgrupper; externaliserande, dvs. utagerande symtom, internaliserande symtom, dvs mer inåtvända symtom som oro, ledsenhet samt somatiserande, där symtomen tar sig kroppsliga uttryck.Nio familjer som inledde en BOF-terapi vid BUP, Vrinnevisjukhuset under 1997-98 kom att ingå i undersökningen.Innan terapin påbörjades fyllde föräldrarna i ett CBCL -formulär om barnets symtom. BOF-terapin utfördes på vanligt sätt med filmning av sessionerna och samtal i familjen om filmerna. Därefter fick vi tillgång till filmerna. Vi fick ej veta något om symtom eller problematik. I ett fall kände vi anmälningsorsaken. Familjesammansättningen var också okänd för oss.Vi har studerat den första terapiomgången med barn, föräldrar och terapeut vid sandlådan. Filmen har transkriberats vilket innebär att varje sammanhållen handling och verbal tur, dvs. yttrande, har dikterats in på band. Ex, Pojke gör: Tar bilen, Mamma säger: "Kom hit" Transkriptionen har skrivits ut och analyserats. Vi har sorterat och räknat antal handlingar och yttranden och för varje aktör. För att få veta intensiteten i leken har vi sedan delat antalet med lekens längd. Vi antog att intensivare lek kan tyda på utagerande problematik.Vi har läst materialet och försökt beskriva terapiomgångarna globalt avseende innehåll och teman i leken, gränser och aktivitet i sandlådan samt terapeutens agerande.I utskrifterna har vi även försökt finna handlingar och yttranden som visar på gränsergränssättning, aggressivitet, omsorg, oro-ängslan, sjukdom-skada, ledsenhet, att bli sedd etc. Vi har även försökt se till samspelet ur olika aspekter.De olika kategorierna har markerats i skriften, förts in i ett protokoll och räknats samman. Vi har jämfört de olika resultaten och ställt en hypotes om barnets symtom.Våra antaganden om varje barns symtom har jämförts med resultatet av CBCL-skattningen. Vi fann, att vi vid åtta av nio barn hamnat inom samma huvudgrupp av symtom som CBCL. Pojken som avvek hade, liksom flertalet av barnen, en dubbel problematik med både internaliserande och externaliserande symtom. I gruppen ingick inget barn med starka somatiserande symtom varför vi ej kan uttala oss om giltigheten för den gruppen.Vår slutsats är att barnets symtom syns i samleken och att BOF-sandlådan verkligen är symtomets arena.
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| 52. |
- Bodlund, Owe, et al.
(författare)
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Axis V--Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Evaluation of a self-report version
- 1994
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Ingår i: Acta Psychiatr Scand. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 90:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examines a self-report version of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale according to Axis V (GAF self-report). The sample (n = 73) was a psychiatric outpatient population from a catchment area clinic. Patients with psychotic and organic mental disorders were not included. The diagnostic distribution on Axis I was similar to the findings from previous studies. Axis II disorders were identified among 47%, of whom a majority also had a concomitant Axis I disorder. The mean GAF expert score was 66.5 (range: 48-86). High complexity and severity of disorders and a high number of fulfilled Axis II criteria were significantly associated with low GAF scores. Independent expert ratings on GAF were correlated with the GAF self-report overall at r = 0.62, varying from 0.45 to 0.91 between different diagnostic groups. In general, the patients scored themselves lower (mean: -4.4 units) than expert ratings. Patients with depressive symptoms from an adjustment disorder or mood disorder were most prone to underestimation. Women also tended to score themselves lower than experts did. Conclusively, the GAF self-report turned out to be a valid and reliable unidimensional instrument measuring psychological, social and occupational functioning. The GAF is easy to handle, and with a self-report version as a complement, Axis V could be more frequently used in future clinical practice and research.
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| 53. |
- Bodlund, Owe, 1949-
(författare)
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Transsexualism and personality : methodological and clinical studies on gender identity disorders
- 1994
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Patients suffering from transsexualism (TS) who apply for sex reassignment surgery (SRS) go through a complex evaluation process before being accepted for treatment. In general, the results from SRS are satisfying. However, further knowledge is needed to clearly delineate transsexualism from other related gender identity disorders (GID) and to improve the selection of candidates for SRS. Personality has for a long time been considered as the key concept for that purpose but systematic studies using reliable instruments are lacking. The present study aims at improving the assessment procedure, validating the concept of transsexualism and studying the outcome of SRS and important prognostic factors.Two methodological studies deal with the development and validation of two self-report instruments based on DSM-III-R: SCID screen covering Axis II personality disorders/traits and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF-scale, Axis V). SCID screen diagnoses of personality disorders (PD) were compared with diagnoses from independent structured interviews by means of the SCID-II. The overall kappa in identifying a PD was 0.78 varying from 0.34 to 0.81 for the specific PDs when cut-off was adjusted. When applied to a group of GID-patients SCID screen diagnoses agreed well with clinical diagnoses (kappa 0.77). Self-report of the GAF also proved to be a reliable (overall Pearson r=0.62) and useful method and the study lends further support to the validity of Axis V.In three papers a group of 19 transsexuals was studied by means of a) SCID screen to examine their personality in a dimensional and traditional categorical way, b) the GAF-scale to study psychosocial functioning, c) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) to examine self-image and d) Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) to analyze psychological defense structures from a psychodynamic perspective. Patients with atypical gender identity disorders (GIDAANT) and patients with borderline personality disorders as well as healthy subjects were used as contrast groups. Among the transsexuals 10 out of 19 had an additional axis I disorder and 37% had at least one PD, predominantly within cluster B. When analyzed dimensionally according to SCID screen, frequent subthreshold personality pathology was found and biological women fulfilled more axis II criteria than men. TS had less axis I and II pathology compared with GIDAANT and psychiatric patients. According to SASB, TS had a positive self-image with both self-control and spontaneous self and predominating self-love. They appeared significantly more healthy on self-image measures than GIDAANT patients. The DMT revealed a different pattern; TS patients were more disturbed in several areas than patients with borderline personality disorder. TS showed no ”emotional investment” and poorer reality orientation in contrast to both healthy controls and the borderline group but shared a similar pregenital pathology with the borderline patients.Finally, five-year outcome was studied among the transsexuals from a multidimensional approach (e.g. work, interpersonal relations, partnership, subjective opinion) and related to index- measurements on DSM-III-R, SCID screen, GAF, SASB and DMT. Based on combined outcome variables, 68% of the subjects were judged to have improved and 16% had an unsatisfactory outcome. One single case regretted the sex change. SCID screen pathology and SASB disturbances emerged as significant predictors for negative outcome, as well as male biological sex and lack of partnership. It was concluded, that although outcome is in general very favorable, the instruments under investigation, in particular SCID screen and SASB, revealed valuable prognostic information and they are suggested to become part of the future routine assessment of candidates for SRS.
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| 54. |
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Bågenholm, Andriette, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial effects on siblings of children with autism and mental retardation: a population-based study.
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Mental Deficiency Research. - 0022-264X. ; 35 (Pt4), s. 291-307
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The probands of this study were 60 children and young adults between 5 and 20 years of age, 20 of whom had siblings with autism, 20 of whom had siblings with mental retardation, and 20 of whom had siblings who were free of handicap. The three proband groups were matched for gender, birth order and socioeconomic status. The children were questioned about their sibling relationships and about particular problems they faced concerning their handicapped brothers or sisters and about problems concerning themselves. Parents were interviewed about the healthy child's behaviour and social adjustment. Mothers completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory concerning themselves. Siblings of handicapped children and especially siblings of children with autism were more concerned about the future. They also felt lonely more often and many of them had peer problems. They often regarded their handicapped siblings as a burden. They tended to have only one sibling. Siblings often did not know why their handicapped brother or sister was different from other children. There were more behaviour disturbances in the siblings of handicapped children and mothers with a child with autism reported more 'stressful events'. There were no differences as regards the personality of the mothers and the self-concept of the children between the three groups.
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| 57. |
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| 58. |
- Chotai, Jayanti, 1948-
(författare)
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Season of birth in suicidology : neurobiological and epidemiological studies
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Several neuropsychiatrie disorders have shown season of birth associations. Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA and the dopamine metabolite HVA have been associated with suicidal behaviour, impulsivity, and aggression. This thesis investigated associations between the season of birth, the CSF levels of three monoamine metabolites (including MHPG of norepinephrine), the scales of the diagnostic interview for borderline patients (DIB), and psychiatric diagnoses. Also, the methods of suicide were investigated in relation to the season of birth.Methods: We studied a clinical sample of 241 patients in Stockholm with mood, anxiety and adjustment disorders with respect to the CSF levels of monoamine metabolites in relation to the season of birth, and in relation to the DIB in an overlapping sample. We also analysed all completed suicides during the 42 years 1952- 1993inVästerbottenin northern Sweden (1466 cases) by multiple logistic regressions to relate suicide methods with season of birth, gender, age, urban-rural residence, marital status, year of suicide, and season of suicide. For the 20 years 1961- 1980 (693cases), psychiatric in-patient and out-patient records were also examined for any history of psychiatric contacts and psychiatric diagnoses. In two mutually independent samples, we investigated the DIB in relation to the season of birth.Results: In the Stockholm sample, those born during February to April had significantly lower CSF levels of 5-HIAA, and those born during October to January had significantly higher CSF levels of HVA, HVA/5-HIAA, and HVA/MHPG, as well as (non-significantly) higher levels of 5-HIAA. Those with an intermediate score of section II (impulse action patterns) of the DIB had significantly higher CSF levels of 5-HIAA and HVA, and they were significantly more likely to have been born during October to January. In the Västerbotten register, those born during February to April were significantly more likely to have preferred hanging rather than poisoning or petrol gases, and conversely for those born during October to January. These associations with suicide methods were found for the total sample and for those without any history of psychiatric contacts, but not for those with psychiatric contacts.Conclusions: Suicidal behaviour shows statistically significant variation according to the season of birth, most probably mediated by a variation in an independent trait of vulnerability to suicide based on neurodevelopmental parameters, particularly the serotonergic system. The suicidal process differs between those who seek psychiatric care compared to those who do not, reflecting differences in the diagnostic spectra and in the extent of mental illness.
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