| 2341. |
- Edvardsson Björnberg, Karin, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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‘Cornwallism’ and Arguments against Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Values. - : The White Horse Press. - 0963-2719 .- 1752-7015. ; 29:6, s. 691-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opposition against greenhouse gas emissions reductions is strong among some conservative Christian groups, especially in the United States. In this paper, we identify five scripture-based arguments against greenhouse gas mitigation put forward by a core group of Christian conservatives (‘the Cornwallists’): the anti-paganism argument, the enrichment argument, the omnipotence argument, the lack of moral relevance argument, and the cost-benefit argument. We evaluate to what extent the arguments express positions that can be characterized as climate science denialist and to what degree they are consistent with support for climate adaptation. Using Stefan Rahmstorf’s (2004) taxonomy of climate science denial, we conclude that the Cornwallists could be labelled climate change deniers. However, their opposition is not only based on denial of climate sciencebut often rests on premises that render the science irrelevant, a position we term`relevance denialism Cornwallists could be labelled climate change deniers. However, their opposition is not only based on denial of climate science but often rests on premises that render the science irrelevant, a position we term ‘relevance denialism`´
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| 2342. |
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| 2343. |
- Edvardsson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Multiannual hydrological responses in Scots pine radial growth within raised bogs in southern Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Silva Fennica. - : Finnish Society of Forest Science. - 2242-4075. ; 49:4, s. 1354-1354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To explore interactions between climate and peatland hydrology, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing at four raised bogs in southern Sweden were subject to a dendroclimatological study. Radial tree growth reflecting climate and water table fluctuations over multiannual periods was detected as significant negative correlations between tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies and the preceding one to four years total precipitation or river discharge. Systematically stronger negative correlations were obtained when river discharge instead of precipitation was compared to radial tree growth. This indicates that river discharge reflect moisture variability of peat bogs better than what precipitation data does. Meanwhile, monthly precipitation and radial tree growth did not show any clear correlation, whereas spring and early summer temperatures had a positive influence on the tree growth. Our study shows that growth variability of bog pines in the Boreal zone reflect hydrological responses related to a synthesis of climate controlled moisture variability over several year periods.
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| 2344. |
- Edvardsson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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The Integrated Use of Dendrochronological Data and Paleoecological Records From Northwest European Peatlands and Lakes for Understanding Long-Term Ecological and Climatic Changes—A Review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-701X. ; 10
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our overall understanding of long-term climate dynamics is largely based on proxy data generated from archives such as ice cores, ocean sediments, tree rings, speleothems, and corals, whereas reconstructions of long-term changes in vegetation and associated climate during the Holocene are largely based on paleoecological records from peat and lake sequences, primarily pollen and plant macrofossil data. However, since no proxy can provide a complete picture of the past, it is important to integrate different types of data, and to use methods that can support the paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpretations. Here we review how tree-ring data and dendrochronological approaches can be integrated with stratigraphic records to provide complementary paleoecological and paleoclimatic information. The review includes multiproxy studies in which dendrochronological data have been either compared or integrated with stratigraphic records, mainly pollen records, with the aim to contribute to a better understanding of long-term ecosystem and climate dynamics. We mainly focus on studies from northwest Europe in which tree-ring data and at least one type of paleoecological proxy record from the same site or area has been either compared or integrated. We find that integration of dendrochronological data and paleoecological records from peat and lake sequences is a powerful but underutilized approach to reconstruct long-term ecological and climatic changes. One likely reason for its limited use is the contrasting character of the two categories of data, including their different time resolution and occurrence, making them difficult to integrate. For example, subfossil wood providing annual dendrochronological data usually only occurs sporadically in peat and lake sediments, and the presence/absence of the trees are normally expected to be recorded in the pollen data with multi-decadal or coarser resolution. Therefore, we also discuss methods to compare and integrate dendrochronological and stratigraphic records, as well as the relevant paleoecological and paleoclimatic information provided by dendrochronology, pollen, and peat stratigraphy, with the aim to facilitate new multi-proxy initiatives that will contribute to a better understanding of long-term ecosystem and climate dynamics and thereby a firmer basis for future nature conservation initiatives.
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| 2345. |
- Egan, Paul
(författare)
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Natural hazard threats to pollinators and pollination
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26, s. 380-391
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical events that can impact human welfare both directly and indirectly, via shocks to ecosystems and the services they provide. Animal-mediated pollination is critical for sustaining agricultural economies and biodiversity, yet stands to lose both from present exposure to natural hazards, and future climate-driven shifts in their distribution, frequency, and intensity. In contrast to the depth of knowledge available for anthropogenic-related threats, our understanding of how naturally occurring extreme events impact pollinators and pollination has not yet been synthesized. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the potential impacts of natural hazards on pollinators and pollination in natural and cultivated systems. From a total of 117 studies (74% of which were observational), we found evidence of community and population-level impacts to plants and pollinators from seven hazard types, including climatological (extreme heat, fire, drought), hydrological (flooding), meteorological (hurricanes), and geophysical (volcanic activity, tsunamis). Plant and pollinator response depended on the type of natural hazard and level of biological organization observed; 19% of cases reported no significant impact, whereas the majority of hazards held consistent negative impacts. However, the effects of fire were mixed, but taxa specific; meta-analysis revealed that bee abundance and species richness tended to increase in response to fire, differing significantly from the mainly negative response of Lepidoptera. Building from this synthesis, we highlight important future directions for pollination-focused natural hazard research, including the need to: (a) advance climate change research beyond static "mean-level" changes by better incorporating "shock" events; (b) identify impacts at higher levels of organization, including ecological networks and co-evolutionary history; and (c) address the notable gap in crop pollination services research-particularly in developing regions of the world. We conclude by discussing implications for safeguarding pollination services in the face of global climate change.
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| 2346. |
- Eggeling, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Spatiotemporal link between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), extreme heat, and thermal stress in the Asia-Pacific region
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is closely monitored and numerous studies reports increasing air temperature and weather extremes across the globe. As a direct consequence of the increase of global temperature, the increased heat stress is becoming a global threat to public health. While most climate change and epidemiological studies focus on air temperature to explain the increasing risks, heat strain can be predicted using comprehensive indices such as Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The Asia-Pacific region is prone to thermal stress and the high population densities in the region impose high health risk. This study evaluated the air temperature and UTCI trends between 1990 and 2019 and found significant increasing trends for air temperature for the whole region while the increases of UTCI are not as pronounced and mainly found in the northern part of the region. These results indicate that even though air temperature is increasing, the risks of heat stress when assessed using UTCI may be alleviated by other factors. The associations between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and heat stress was evaluated on a seasonal level and the strongest regional responses were found during December-January (DJF) and March-May (MAM).
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| 2347. |
- Eggers, Jeannette
(författare)
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Opportunity Costs of In Situ Carbon Storage Derived by Multiple-Objective Stand-Level Optimization-Results from Case Studies in Portugal and Germany
- 2022
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering in situ carbon storage in forest management has gained momentum under increasing pressure to decarbonize our economies. Here, we present results from case studies in Portugal and Germany showing the opportunity costs of in situ carbon storage derived by multiple-objective optimization. We used a stand-level model to optimize land expectation value under uncertainty as a reference, then derived opportunity costs by including the enhancement of the average carbon storage in aboveground biomass as a second objective. Using the optimal (compromise) solution when considering both objectives simultaneously, we show opportunity costs of EUR 119 (Portugal) and EUR 68 (Germany) per Mg CO2eq. These opportunity costs are higher than conservative, but lower than alternative cost estimates for future damages caused by current CO2 emissions. An important result was that suggested reference solutions in both countries (though only for low discount rates in Portugal) were mixed forests without clearfelling. In Germany, this implicitly elevated carbon storage. Such "closer-to-nature-forest-management" systems were also mostly suggested by the optimization tool when carbon storage was an objective.
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| 2348. |
- Eggers, Jeannette, et al.
(författare)
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Replik: Att bidra till en beboelig planet borde intressera alla – även forskare
- 2023
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Ingår i: Curie: en tidning från Vetenskapsrådet.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Fönstret för att säkra en hållbar framtid för alla är på väg att stängas. Även vi forskare måste fråga oss vilka vi vill vara i denna avgörande tid för mänskligheten. Det skriver några av de forskare som skrev under Forskarupproret i Aftonbladet, i en replik till Björn Hassler i den pågående debatten i Curie om forskare och aktivism.
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| 2349. |
- Eggers, Jeannette, et al.
(författare)
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Replik: Visst måste forskare kunna kräva att forskning tas på allvar
- 2023
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Ingår i: Curie: en tidning från Vetenskapsrådet.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Forskaruppropet i Aftonbladet uppmanade politikerna att ta klimatkrisen på allvar. Uppropet har kritiserats i Curie för att innehålla alltför konkreta förslag och vara ett exempel på grupporienterad aktivism som urholkar allmänhetens förtroende för forskning. Men att kalla den som kräver att vetenskap och kunskap tas på allvar i politiken för aktivist är absurt, replikerar några av dem som skrev under debattartikeln
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| 2350. |
- Ehlers, Ina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Limited suppression of photorespiration by 20th century atmospheric CO2 increase in trees worldwide
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forests are a key component of the global carbon and hydrological cycle and forest responses to environmental drivers create important feedbacks to these cycles. Photosynthetic efficiency of most forest tree species is strongly limited by photorespiration, a side reaction using O2 instead of CO2 as substrate, leading to a carbon loss for the plant. Photorespiration occurs in all trees and is reduced under elevated CO2 concentrations and increased under elevated temperature. Because the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere has increased in past decades, long-lived trees may have benefited from reduced photorespiration, but the temperature increase would have been a compensating detriment; but direct quantification of long-term changes in metabolic fluxes is lacking. Realistic forecasting of responses of trees and forests to future CO2 and temperature demands quantifying the reduction of photorespiration. In twelve tree species from five continents, we observe that photorespiration has been reduced by the CO2 increase during the past century, but for most the reduction is smaller than predicted from plant responses in CO2 alone. Comparison with data from a combined CO2 and temperature manipulation experiment shows that the reduced response can be explained by increases in leaf temperatures, which might result directly from increased air temperatures or indirectly from reduced transpirative cooling. These data suggest that global warming has already inhibited plant fertilization by increasing CO2, and that biomass increases may have been smaller than deduced from measurements of the heavy carbon isotope 13C. Observation of this centennial metabolic shift in tree physiology worldwide provides new insights into forest-climate feedbacks and can be used to improve coupled climate-vegetation models.
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