| 11. |
- Caselunghe, Elvira, et al.
(författare)
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Forskningsperspektiv på naturvägledning
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Literature study shows a lack of Swedish nature interpretation research. The Swedish Centre for Nature Interpretation (SCNI) was established in 2007 by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences. One task of SCNI is to initiate research on nature interpretation. This research overview is intended to provide a jumping-off point. The main purpose was to investigate Swedish research that contributes to development of theory and practice in nature interpretation. In addition, research from other Nordic countries as well as international research was reviewed. A literature search for Swedish scientific publications on nature interpretation, explicitly, revealed a scarcity of such research in Sweden. Of course identifying such studies depends, in part, on how “nature interpretation” and “research” are defined. There are actually a number of Swedish researchers who work with topics that are relevant to nature interpretation, and to some extent this research is also published in scientific media. However, there is a larger quantity of educational literature. Overall, the main finding of this literature search is that nature interpretation research has not been conducted in Sweden, to date. However, relevant studies were found in such areas as outdoor recreation, nature tourism, education for sustainable development, outdoor education, environmental history, museology and environmental psychology. Various key words have been used in the selected databases, since “nature interpretation” generates no scientific hits. Definitions and pedagogical principles for nature interpretation are described in the first part of the report. Then international nature interpretation research and some different occurring theories are presented. Emphasis is then put on Swedish and Nordic research that is relevant for developing nature interpretation. The main findings below include conclusions from both the international and the Swedish/Nordic research and indicate some possible directions for development of nature interpretation research, in Sweden and elsewhere. NATURE INTERPRETATION CAN BE BOTH A MEANS OR AN END IN ITSELF There is a need for scientific development of nature interpretation evaluation principles. In Sweden, but also elsewhere, a common goal for publicly financed nature interpretation is to influence people in the direction of sustainable development. Research on interpretation evaluation is needed in order to know whether various activities correspond to our expectations. Also, there is a need to question whether this goal of influencing people is transparent and democratic enough. Internationally, there are both researchers who claim that interpretation can have a positive effect on environmental attitudes and behavior, and those who claim that effective evaluation methodologies for exploring such relationships need further development. Worldwide, interpretive evaluation research has focused heavily on knowledge gain and impacts on attitudes and behaviour, but it has seldom partitioned out the role of the emotional aspects of nature experience, although interpretation instructions stress revelation and provocation for instance. The notion of “participants gaining knowledge” could be widened and include mutual and experiential learning processes. Unlike environmental education, interpretation usually is a rather time limited activity. That could also be a reason to why long term interpretation effects are difficult to evaluate. If any effects appear, it would still be difficult to distinguish what has generated them. Nature interpretation is sometimes seen as a means for fulfilling a greater objective, but in other cases it is seen as an end in itself. For instance, within outdoor recreation, nature interpretation activities could be considered an end in themselves. Whereas nature interpretation efforts within state run nature conservation could be a means for legitimating and promoting poli-tical nature conservation decisions. NATURE INTERPRETATION AS A COMMUNICATIVE ACT The literature review indicated that the number of Swedish or international publications focusing on the communicative act of nature interpretation from an interactional micro perspective seems to be limited. What is happening within and between the persons during a nature interpretation session? How does the interpretation process really occur? Is the interpreter or the participant the one who makes the interpretation for instance? What kind of learning is taking place? CRITICAL RESEARCH ON NATURE INTERPRETATION COULD DEVELOP THEORY AND PRACTICE When discussing what Swedish nature interpretation research could concentrate on, there is not only a need to discuss the topics, but also different scientific approaches that could facilitate a greater understanding. Much of the Nordic research referred in this report is carried out within a positivistic research tradition doing quantitative studies. When approaching social science there are also some publications within hermeneutic research tradition. Critical research tradition, however, is rare among the studies reviewed. Since nature interpretation is not a natural science phenomenon, but a social one, nature interpretation research based on social constructivism has an obvious importance in further development of Swedish nature interpretation research. The role of nature interpretation in society could be better understood by analyzing what discourses characterize Swedish nature interpretation practice today. What ideas of man and nature are taken for granted which could affect the content and format of nature interpretation? Nature interpretation contributes to constructing our nature experiences, something that is seldom analysed. What values and rationalities holds the Swedish nature interpretation discourses? These questions require a critical dimension of nature interpretation research. Another division to make is research that looks for improving nature interpretation practice (how to do good interpretation), versus research that looks for understanding the phenomenon of nature interpretation (research about interpretation). Both kinds are needed. EXAMPLES ON CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURE INTERPRETATION Some discussions in museology are highly relevant to nature interpretation as well. A quote by Ella Johansson (2001) about open air museums illustrates several of the inherent paradoxes in interpretation that could be interesting to further investigate. “… some contrary – or maybe complementary – aspects are lasting and necessary features in a museum: authenticity versus scene, critical distance versus deep empathy, creating knowledge versus ideology, education versus Sunday pleasure.” The content and format of nature interpretation is always a mental and social product, where the involved individuals decide what phenomena and objects are paid attention to and what questions and explanations are suggested. Søren Kruse (2002) argues that “the interpreter designs the participants’ nature visits and determines thereby frames for their nature experiences”. He further writes that: “Nature interpretation is in the centre of the normative minefield of pedagogics, where one could ask oneself: With what right can the nature interpreters claim that their design of nature visits is better than the nature contact designed by the participants themselves? My point of departure is that nature interpretation is not an interpretation of nature, but a production and reproduction of socially constructed descriptions of nature and our relations with it.” THE NEED OF ADVANCING NATURE INTERPRETATION RESEARCH IN SWEDEN Advancement of Swedish research on nature interpretation is needed for several reasons. There are national prerequisites that are unique, such as the Swedish right of public access to nature. Swedish nature interpretation is not yet systematically evaluated from a scientific point of view. There are also a number of educational programmes in Swedish universities within nature guidance and nature interpretation, and connecting these educational efforts to research would strengthen their quality. However, nature interpretation is not a research discipline, but rather a topic that requires research from various perspectives. That interdisciplinary context could be treated by different branches – from public health science, to cultural studies, to forest sciences, if it is combined with communication science, pedagogics or similar fields. Environmental psychology, marketing and media sciences could also provide knowledge about behavioural impacts that nature interpretation often aims for in a general context.
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| 12. |
- Eriksson, Camilla
(författare)
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Fäboden som politiskt rum : att vara fäbodbrukare i den gemensamma jordbrukspolitiken
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EU:s jordbrukspolitik har omvandlats under det senaste decenniet. Nya målsättningar om att skydda "höga natur- och kulturvärden" samt "traditionella landskap" har satt fokus på andra typer av lantbruk än de jordbrukspolitiken tidigare har gynnat. Ett exempel är det svenska fäbodbruket som nu för första gången får särskilda jordbrukspolitiska stöd. Idag finns ett par hundra fäbodbrukare i norra Svealand och nedre Norrland som håller kor, får och getter, ofta lantraser, på fritt utmarksbete. Djuren betar på skogsmark eller i fjällmiljö och kommer självmant hem på nätterna för att stallas och i förekommande fall mjölkas. Utmarken delas med björnar och vargar, dock inte utan konflikter. I avhandlingen kombineras textanalys och etnografiskt fältarbete i en policyantropologisk analys av vad som händer när fäbodarna inkluderas i politiken. Jordbruksverkets utformning av EU-stöd till fäbodar påverkar hur fäbodar brukas. Stödens utformning visar dock på motsättningar mellan förvaltningsapparaten som har makt att definiera vad traditionella fäbodar och höga natur- och kulturvärden på fäbodar är, och de fäbodbrukare som ska förverkliga intentionerna. Dessa motsättningar har gett upphov till en strid om tolkningsföreträde och en ständigt pågående förhandlingsprocess om vilka praktiker som har högst värde, vilket i avhandlingen benämns fäbodens politiska rum. Där ingår inte enbart de frågor som är aktuella idag utan också de historiska institutionella arrangemang som påverkar aktörernas möjlighet att göra sin röst hörd. Det är inte enbart Jordbruksverkets föreskrifter som avgör vad den nya jordbrukspolitiken kommer att resultera i. Länsstyrelsernas uttolkning av föreskrifterna, avgör i praktiken hur politiken genomförs. Fäbodbrukarna är dock inte intentionslösa brickor i det här spelet, utan har egen agens och möjligheter att handla utifrån egna intentioner och problemdefinitioner. Fäbodföreningar och andra organisationer spelar en viktig roll som förmedlare av och uttolkare av såväl myndigheternas anvisningar som brukarnas egna handlingsvägar. De ständigt pågående förhandlingsprocesserna kommer att avgöra hur framtidens fäbodbruk, och i förlängningen även hur framtidens lantbruk, kommer att bedrivas.
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| 13. |
- Eriksson, Max, et al.
(författare)
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Viltvårdsavgiften : En studie av svenskarnas vilja att betala det statliga jaktkortet
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Viltvårdsavgiften ska enligt Jaktförordningen (SFS 1987:905, 49 §) betalas av alla över 18 år som jagar i Sverige. Avgiften är 300 kr och gäller för ett jaktår, vilket omfattar tiden 1 juli–30 juni. Det statliga jaktkortet är ett kvitto på att denna avgift är betald. Under de senaste decennierna har antalet personer som löser det statliga jaktkortet minskat. I den här rapporten, som är ett utredningsuppdrag från Naturvårdsverket till Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), undersöks varför antalet personer som löser jaktkort minskar, och om antalet jaktkortslösare som ägnar sig åt jakt också minskat över tid. Rapporten omfattar endast personer bosatta i Sverige.
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| 14. |
- Helgegren, Ida, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Facilitating factors for community-managed wastewater systems in the Kanata metropolitan region, Bolivia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainable Cities and Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-6707. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Provision of safe sanitation services is a major challenge in low and middle-income countries where adequate wastewater management is almost entirely lacking or insufficient. Community-managed wastewater systems are increasingly seen as part of the solution to this challenge. There is, however, a lack of in-depth understanding regarding how these communal systems are affected by external factors. Through a qualitative case study of the wastewater sector of the Kanata metropolitan region, Bolivia, this paper aims to contribute to filling this knowledge gap. A variety of data collection and analysis procedures resulted in two main outcomes. First, a shared common vision regarding the development of the wastewater sector and the role of community actors was highlighted as crucial for strengthening communal wastewater management. Secondly, facilitating factors that promote community-managed wastewater services were identified, i.e. financing possibilities, technical support, legal support, formal and informal networks, continuous dialogue, trust, compatibililty with local institutions, control of territory and availability of contractors and builders. The results provide guidance for both policymakers and development practitioners that aim to strengthen community-managed wastewater systems, as well as contribute to increased theoretical understanding.
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| 15. |
- Hägerhäll, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Human physiological benefits of viewing nature: EEG responses to exact and statistical fractal patterns.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences. - 1090-0578. ; 19:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychological and physiological benefits of viewing nature have been extensively studied for some time. More recently it has been suggested that some of these positive effects can be explained by nature's fractal properties. Virtually all studies on human responses to fractals have used stimuli that represent the specific form of fractal geometry found in nature, i.e. statistical fractals, as opposed to fractal patterns which repeat exactly at different scales. This raises the question of whether human responses like preference and relaxation are being driven by fractal geometry in general or by the specific form of fractal geometry found in nature. In this study we consider both types of fractals (statistical and exact) and morph one type into the other. Based on the Koch curve, nine visual stimuli were produced in which curves of three different fractal dimensions evolve gradually from an exact to a statistical fractal. The patterns were shown for one minute each to thirty-five subjects while qEEG was continuously recorded. The results showed that the responses to statistical and exact fractals differ, and that the natural form of the fractal is important for inducing alpha responses, an indicator of a wakefully relaxed state and internalized attention.
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| 16. |
- Khatri Bahadur, Dil
(författare)
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Climate and development at the third pole : dynamics of power and knowledge reshaping community forest governance in Nepal
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Given the international climate objectives of adaptation and REDD+ being adopted in many developing countries there are growing concerns about their effects. This thesis seeks to investigate the implications of implementing climate objectives for community forestry governance. The thesis deals with the questions of how community forest management and uses are (re)shaped by the influence of governmental and non-governmental interventions and what effects the changing community forestry objectives may have on the interests of people reliant on forest resources. The thesis draws on extensive field studies and the author’s long-term engagement in development interventions and policy processes in Nepal. The analysis is primarily concerned about the dynamic of knowledge and power in (re)shaping local resource governance agenda and examines the way certain forms of knowledge and discourses get translated into interventions, transforming rules and practices in community forest management. The analysis conceptualizes power, where knowledge is a product as well as an influence. The analysis also pays attention to how knowledge and discourses are mobilized by actors towards certain ends. Findings shows that the community forestry objectives and priorities have shifted over time prioritizing certain resources such as timber as a source of revenue and undermining local needs of livelihoods and food security. Such shifts were found to have been influenced by a combination of factors, including broader socio-economic changes shifting the role of forest in peoples’ lives, scientific expertise and governmental and non-governmental interventions. I argue that the climate policy objectives that are superimposed on the established community forestry institutions can bring new forces that fuel the ongoing changes in forest management objectives and enhance the technical and bureaucratic influence on community forests management. The technical and bureaucratic nature of interventions under donor funded projects on climate change have reinforced the way forests are valued for monetary benefits. The projects studied appear to have limited effects in delivering the promise of supporting local livelihoods; instead the interventions, such as in REDD+ piloting, risk curtailing local rights and benefits. There is a risk that local interests in managing community forests will be subsumed to the technocratic logic of climate interventions. The development of climate-related policy and interventions need to pay greater attention to the dynamics of knowledge and power and safeguard local interests against those of local elites, experts and external organizations.
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| 17. |
- Nagoli, Joseph, et al.
(författare)
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Uncovering human social networks in coping with Lake Chilwa recessions in Malawi
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 192, s. 134-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an in-depth understanding of social dynamics in the form of kinship ties in matrilineal societies. It unpacks gender roles and relationships at the community level to understand how social structures, created by the pattern of relations, enhance or hinder coping initiatives during lake recessions in the Lake Chilwa socio-ecological system. Using qualitative and quantitative methods including in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and household questionnaires, this paper provides insights into how people in the Lake Chilwa social-ecological system prepare for and cope with Lake Chilwa water recessions by capitalising on their social networks. The findings have shown that during lake recessions poor households in the Lake Chilwa socio-ecological system are cushioned by fellow households through lineage networks. There is strong tradition secured through kinship ties where the generic term 'mwambo wathu' (our tradition) embraces a group of formative norms enforced via a series of rules and rituals. Based in a matrilineal system, women have strong rights over land allocation and use in which the female sorority group 'mbumba' is very stable. There is a great deal of reciprocity and food redistribution among the households. This self-organization provides deeper meaning about how people assimilate the dynamics affecting their social and natural environments. Specifically the findings provide evidence on how households, communities and their livelihoods in Africa are reconstructed as natural resources fluctuate. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 18. |
- Noureddine Tag-Eldeen, Zeinab
(författare)
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Bridging urban planning knowledge into post-disaster response : Early Recovery Road Map within the International Humanitarian Cluster System
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 24, s. 399-410
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the scale and the complexity of urban disaster, significant efforts have been intensified by the International Humanitarian Community over the last decade to develop an effective operational mechanism in post-disaster and conflict response, to create synergies between short-term relief measures and long-term development, and to maximize the efficient use of limited resources. In spite of the positive impact of these efforts on humanitarian response, the historical separation between relief, recovery and development continues with significant practical implications on the effectiveness of humanitarian response programs, especially in urban disasters. This paper explores the viability of employing well-established planning knowledge to provide systematic ways to integrate the sectoral response activities, especially in complex urban settings, that help link the humanitarian response with recovery and development. A conceptual and operational framework named Early Recovery Road Map (ERRoMap) using urban planning knowledge is suggested as a new dimension to be added to the traditional role of the Global Cluster for Early Recovery (GCER) in the International Humanitarian Cluster System. The ERRoMap employs the three conceptualized terms of planning efforts: process, context, and outcome to re-organize the function of a ‘City’ under time-pressure. The process of making an ERRoMap is aimed to bridge the emergency response with recovery through organizing facts about disaster impacts in urban settings; identify essential areas for early recovery, join-up efforts of humanitarian actors and facilitate their communications with development actors.
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| 19. |
- Paulsson, Emma
(författare)
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The streetartist’s early morning
- 2014
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Ingår i: lo Squaderno. - 1973-9141. ; 32, s. 45-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
- Qviström, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Urban sprawl på skånska? : om planeringsdebattens språkbruk och begreppens dolda landskap
- 2016
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Ingår i: LTV-fakultetens faktablad.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- För att främja en hållbar utveckling behöver dagens planerare lära av internationella exempel. Men hur? Artikeln diskuterar fallgropar och möjligheter i ett ömsesidigt lärande, utifrån pågående forskningsprojekt om stadsutglesning. Vi argumenterar för att planerare måste ta hänsyn till att ett begrepp förmedlar ett visst landskap, och att det kan dölja lika mycket som det visar fram.
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