| 91. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Generality, State Neutrality and Unemployment in the OECD
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Economy Journal. - : De Gruyter. - 1524-5861 .- 2194-5659 .- 1553-5304. ; 13:3, s. 333-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to Buchanan and Congleton (1998. Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), the generality principle in politics blocks special interests. Consequently, the generality principle should thereby promote economic efficiency. This study tests this hypothesis on wage formation and labor markets, by investigating whether generality defined as state neutrality could explain employment performance among OECD countries during 1970–2003. We identify three types of non-neutrality concerning unemployment. These include the level or degree of government interference in the wage bargaining process over and above legislation which facilitates mutually beneficial wage agreements, the constrained bargaining range (meaning the extent to which the state favors or blocks certain outcomes of the bargaining process), and the cost shifting (which relates to state interference shifting the direct or indirect burden of costs facing the parties on the labor market). Our overall hypothesis is that non-neutrality or non-generality increases unemployment rates. The empirical results from the general conditional model suggest that government intervention and a constrained bargaining range clearly increase unemployment, while a few of the cost shifting variables have unexpected effects. The findings thus give some, but definitely not unreserved, support for the generality principle as a method to promote economic efficiency. One implication may be that the principle should be amended by other requirements if the political process shall indeed be able to promote economic efficiency.
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| 92. |
- Heshmati, Almas
(författare)
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Globalization and the EU's Development Strategy, 1970–2007
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Globalization Studies. - 2075-8103. ; 4:2, s. 3-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses the KOF globalization index to investigate the development of globalization in recent decades. The index is decomposed into economic, social and political components. The analysis is based on a panel dataset consisting of 50 developed and developing countries observed during the period between 1970 and 2007. The index serves as a useful tool in comparing the globalization process among countries and how it has evolved over time. The focus here is on the EU's development strategy in the wake of the recent wave of globalization. The results show the evidence of large variations in the level and development of globalization and its underlying components across countries, regions and over time.
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| 93. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Green innovations and patents in OECD countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green transition is important for the economics of the OECD countries and their transition to cleaner production. This paper estimates a knowledge production function consisting of a system of innovation inputs, innovation outputs, and productivity with feedback effect from productivity on innovation investments. The model accounts for productivity shock, endogeneity of inputs, and their simultaneity and interdependence. Productivity shock is a latent unobserved component that is specified in terms of observable factors. The model is estimated using Bayesian methods organized around Marco Chain Sequential Monte Carlo iteration techniques also known as Particle Filtering. For the empirical part, the paper uses balanced panel data covering 27 OECD countries' green innovation and patents activities observed during the period 1990–2018. Our empirical results show evidence of significant heterogeneity in productivity and its relationship with its identified determinants. The paper also discusses the implications of these results for OECD countries’ green growth strategies.
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| 94. |
- Heshmati, Almas
(författare)
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Healthy aging as a solution to the ‘ticking time bomb’ : dealing with aging population in urban China
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sociology International Journal. - : MedCrave Group. - 2576-4470. ; 2:2, s. 94-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health is considered an important determinant of economic growth and competitiveness. The health of the elderly population determines its need for resources and care. Investing in healthy aging contributes to economic and social well-being. This study reviews literature on the social and economic aspects of healthy aging. It summarizes alternative approaches in literature to ease pressures of a rapidly growing aging population. Literature refers to China’s aging population as a ‘ticking time bomb’ which is paradoxically both a challenge and an opportunity for the country. This study’s main focus is on strategies for healthy aging, policy practices, organizations and resources for promoting healthy aging in China. It uses up-to-date theories and methods applied to household surveys and population statistics to quantify the problem generate an idea of the resource requirements and possible benefits of specific policies and measures aimed at healthy aging. It draws conclusions with respect to the conditions of healthy aging in China and what the state policy for this is.
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| 95. |
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| 96. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Hiring and separation rates before and after the Arab Spring in the Tunisian labor market
- 2017
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Ingår i: South African Journal of Economics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0038-2280 .- 1813-6982. ; 85:2, s. 259-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We seek to explore the hiring and separation rates in Tunisia before and after the Arab Spring based on quarterly business level data for 503 firms over the span of January 2007 to December 2012. Furthermore, we examine whether employers are willing to dismiss older workers to trigger an effective increase in mobility that will open new opportunities for the youth community. We build our analysis upon six main empirical models to study employment decisions reflected by major indicators such as the number of hiring, number of separations, total employment effects, male-female ratio, age cohorts, labour mobility and net employment. The results show that the Arab Spring has created structural unemployment trends. In addition, we note that the 2008 global turmoil has fostered the firing level of employment. Our conclusions also indicate that the response of Tunisia's government to high unemployment rates caused by the financial meltdown in 2008 and the events in 2011 was not sufficient to remove the attached lingering effects that still distress the country's labour market. In addition, our findings emphasize the significant challenges faced by Tunisian youth that could be mitigated by efficient policy actions to incentivize training and development geared towards the private sector.
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| 97. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Income versus Consumption Inequality in Korea : Evaluating Stochastic Dominance Rankings by Various Household Attributes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Asian Economic Journal. - : Wiley. - 1351-3958 .- 1467-8381. ; 28:4, s. 413-436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using four rounds (1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, the present paper examines determinants of household income and consumption levels and inequalities. Unconditional as well as conditional stochastic dominance tests are performed by year, by household heads' characteristics (age, education, gender, health, marital status and occupation) and by household characteristics (household type, household size and degree of urbanization). Mean least squares regression techniques are used to predict conditional expectations. The residuals containing effects for each characteristic conditional on the remaining characteristics are then used for the stochastic dominance analysis employing extended Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of first-order and second-order dominance in distribution of income and consumption. The results provide a detailed and up-to-date picture of inequality and poverty by subgroup in Korea, which helps in targeting particularly vulnerable groups. While inequality in disposable income is found to be substantial, consumption inequality is less substantial. Households headed by the elderly, the uneducated, the divorced, the widowed, females, and those with health problems are found to be the most vulnerable groups.
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| 98. |
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| 99. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of Technological and Social Components in a Smart Urban Development Model : A Case Study of China
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The path of urbanization around the world and in particular in China has been rapid. This study addresses measurement of a composite index of networking among key components of societal infrastructure and how it affects the process of urbanization. This study has a number of objectives. First we identify key determinants of public infrastructure components in China at the province level. Second a multidimensional index of the networking among the components is computed. The index belongs to parametric family of composite indices. It is composed of a number of components: Economic, Hospitality, Public Facilities, Human Development, and Communication Facility. Each component of the index is composed of a number of indicators. The index is used to rank provinces in China by development of level of the networking among public infrastructure components. In another step we estimate the effects of the composite index and its underlying components on urbanization. Finally, the findings is used to achieve smooth urbanization strategy for Chinese provinces. The empirical results are based on China's province level data covering the period 2005-2014. Our investigations provide evidence that integration of technological and social components are necessary to promote the development of an optimal and a smart urban development model. The necessity of an optimal and targeted urban infrastructure investment strategy emerges from our analysis. We briefly discuss the possible lessons learned from some of the successful provincial urbanization strategies.
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| 100. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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International Trade And Its Effects On Economic Performance In China
- 2012
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Ingår i: China Economic Policy Review. - 1793-9690. ; 1:2, s. 35-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As China exhibited unprecedented rapid economic growth ever since its reform and opening, the development and sources of labor productivity has gradually come to the forefront. This paper studies the development and the source of labor productivity in 31 Chinese provinces during 2000–2009. The labor productivity is investigated through an examination at both the levels and the growth rate. Particularly, we first look at the production function relationship, to see the contribution of labor and other production factors to the gross domestic product. Then, a number of possible determinants are defined. They are regressed on the level and the growth rate of labor productivity to shed light on their relationships. Controlled for unobserved time-specific and province-specific effects, the fixed effects model with heteroskedasticity robust adjustments have been used for the estimation of three functions. Regional breakdown shows severe disparity in the economy where three municipal cities have the highest labor productivity among other regions. Subsequently, we summarize the different sources and their contributions to labor productivity and provide several policy suggestions.
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