| 31. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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A note on inter-country differences in waste paper recovery and utilization
- 2002
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 34:3, s. 175-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Countries worldwide express waste paper recycling targets in terms of recovery and utilization rates. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the most important determinants of inter-country differences in these waste paper rates. By employing two regression models and using data for 89 and 81 countries, respectively, the paper concludes that relative waste paper recovery and use are largely market-determined, and depend thus on long-standing economic factors such as population intensity and competitiveness in the world market for paper and board products. We also find evidence that supports the conjecture that rich countries tend to recover relatively more waste paper than is the case in low-income countries, reflecting the higher demand for waste management and environmental policies in more developed economies. As recovery and utilization rates are determined largely by long-standing economic and demographic characteristics the degree of policy flexibility in affecting these rates may be limited. In particular, an ambitious utilization rate target may be very costly to enforce as it can conflict with existing trade patterns of paper and board products as well as with other environmental goals. Additional policy targets may, therefore, be desirable, especially since paper recycling is motivated primarily by environmental concerns and seldom is a benign activity in itself.
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| 32. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
An econometric analysis of global waste paper recovery and utilization
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 26:2, s. 429-456
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main purpose of this paper is to provide aneconometric analysis of the most importantdeterminants of inter-country differences inwaste paper recovery and utilization rates. Byemploying pooled time series and cross-sectiondata over 49 countries worldwide and sevenyears, the paper concludes that relative wastepaper recovery and use depend largely onlong-standing economic factors such aspopulation intensity and competitiveness in theworld market for paper and board products. Wealso find evidence that supports the conjecturethat rich countries tend to recover relativelymore waste paper than is the case in low-incomecountries, reflecting the higher demand forwaste management and environmental policies inmore developed economies. As recovery andutilization rates are determined by economicand demographic characteristics the degree ofpolicy flexibility in affecting these rates maybe limited. In particular, an ambitiousutilization rate target may be very costly toenforce as it can conflict with existing tradepatterns of paper and board products as well aswith other environmental goals. Additionalpolicy targets may therefore be desirable,especially since paper recycling is motivatedprimarily by environmental concerns and seldomis a benign activity in itself.
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| 33. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Complementing empirical evidence on global recycling and trade of waste paper
- 2003
-
Ingår i: World Development. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 31:4, s. 743-754
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This comment provides a critical analysis of Van Beukering and Bouman’s [World Development 29 (2001) 1717] article on global paper recycling and trade. We first question their notion that developing countries specialize in waste paper utilization and developed countries in recovery activities primarily because of different patterns of waste paper trade. An increased focus on relative waste paper availability, we argue, provides us with a better understanding of global paper recycling. We also criticize some of the implicit assumptions made in their regression analysis of waste paper utilization rates. An alternative regression model is therefore derived and estimated. In contrast to the approach used by Van Beukering and Bouman our analysis (a) is consistent with basic microeconomic theory; (b) distinguishes clearly between short- and long-run impacts; and (c) produces results that support our initial conjecture that waste paper availability is the most important determinant of waste paper use.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Källsortering i Eskilstuna Kommun : hushållens aktiviteter, erfarenheter och attityder inför försöket med insamling efter materialströmmar
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Naturvårdsverket har utsett Eskilstuna som försökskommun för att testa ett nytt system för avfallshantering. Syftet är att studera hur insamlingen påverkas av att hushållen källsorterar efter materialströmmar till skillnad från idag efter förpackningar. Försöket inbegriper hårdplast och metall och innebär att dessa material utöver alla hårdplast- och metallförpackningar, t ex diskborstar, kastruller, bestick, mm., ska slängas vid återvinningsstationer och/eller i behållare i de fastighetsnära utrymmena. Försöket pågår från september 2007 till september 2008. Ett viktigt mål är att ett eventuellt nytt system baserat på materialströmmar ska vara lättillgängligt och betraktas som legitimt utifrån hushållens synvinkel. Syftet med denna rapport är att göra en så kallad "nollmätning", dvs. en undersökning av hushållens källsorteringsaktiviteter, erfarenheter och attityder inför försöket med materialinsamling. Resultaten bygger på en postenkät som skickades ut i augusti 2007 till 798 hushåll i de bostadsområden i Eskilstuna som omfattas av försöket. Undersökningen inbegriper hushållens erfarenheter av och attityder gentemot källsorteringen i Eskilstuna i stort, men speciellt utrymme ges åt hushållens källsortering av avfall baserat på metall och hårdplast.
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| 36. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling technical change in energy system analysis : analyzing the introduction of learning-by-doing in bottom-upenergy models
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview and acritical analysis of the recent literature on incorporatinginduced technical change in energy systems models. Special emphasisis put on surveying recent studies aiming at integrating learning-by-doing into bottom-up energy systems models through so-calledlearning curves, and on analyzing the relevance of learning curveanalysis for understanding the process of innovation and technologydiffusion in the energy sector. The survey indicates that this modelwork represents a major advance in energy research, and embedsimportant policy implications, not the least concerning the costand the timing of environmental policies (including carbon emissionconstraints). However, bottom-up energy models with endogenouslearning are also limited in their characterization of technologydiffusion and innovation. While they provide a detailed accountof technical options - which is absent in many top-down models -they also lack important aspects of diffusion behavior that arecaptured in top-down representations. For instance, they fall incapturing strategic technology diffusion behavior in the energysector, and they neglect important general equilibrium impacts(such as the opportunity cost of redirecting R&D support to theenergy sector). For these reasons bottom-up and top-down modelswith induced technical change should not be viewed as substitutes but rather as complements.
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| 37. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling technical change in energy system analysis : analyzing the introduction of learning-by-doing in bottom-up energy models
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 34:12, s. 1344-1356
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview and a critical analysis of the recent literature on incorporating induced technical change in energy systems models. Special emphasis is put on surveying recent studies aimed at integrating learning-by-doing into bottom-up energy systems models through so-called learning curves, and on analyzing the relevance of learning curve analysis for understanding the process of innovation and technology diffusion in the energy sector. The survey indicates that this model work represents a major advance in energy research, and embeds important policy implications, not the least concerning the cost and the timing of environmental policies (including carbon emission constraints). However, bottom-up energy models with endogenous learning are also limited in their characterization of technology diffusion and innovation. While they provide a detailed account of technical options—which is absent in many top-down models—they also lack important aspects of diffusion behavior that are captured in top-down representations. For instance, they often fail in capturing strategic technology diffusion behavior in the energy sector as well as the energy sector's endogenous responses to policy, and they neglect important general equilibrium impacts (such as the opportunity cost of redirecting R&D support to the energy sector). Some suggestions on how innovation and diffusion modeling in bottom-up analysis can be improved are put forward.
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| 38. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Recycling, Norms and Convenience: A Bivariate Probit Analysis of Household Data from a Swedish City
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-9634. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of norms and convenience for households' packaging waste sorting activities. The theoretical point of departure is a simple economic model that integrates norm-motivated behavior into neoclassical utility theory by assuming that the individual has a preference for maintaining a self-image as a morally responsible (norm-compliant) person. The empirical analysis rests on survey responses from 398 households in the city of Eskilstuna, Sweden. Self-reported information on recycling contributions and personal norms is analyzed in a bivariate probit model, which estimates the probability of pursuing high-performing recycling efforts as an endogenously determined decisions to the activation of a personal norm for waste sorting. The results suggest that norm activation is an important driver for households' recycling contributions, as is convenience in the form of access to property-close collection schemes. Personal norms are in turn primarily activated by the presence of social, legal, and descriptive norms. One important implication is that policy needs to build on well-aligned policy instrument mixes that combine references to the moral significance of households' recycling contributions with various infrastructural measures that facilitate such contributions.
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| 39. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Command-and-control revisited : environmental compliance and innovation in Swedish industry 1970-1990
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emissions reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for environmental compliance and innovation ; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970 - 1990. The empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied heavily on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures, and the standards were implemented in combination with extended probation periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and the research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. As such the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected firms to coordinate pollution prevention measures with productive investments.
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| 40. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Command-and-control revisited : environmental compliance and technological change in Swedish industry 1970-1990
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 85, s. 6-19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emission reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical and empirical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for deep emission reductions and technology adoption; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970–1990. Our empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied solely on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures. These standards were implemented in combination with extended compliance periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. In these ways the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected companies to coordinate pollution abatement measures with productive investments.
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