| 61. |
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| 62. |
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| 63. |
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| 64. |
- Benner, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Starkare forskningsmiljöer?
- 2005
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Ingår i: I den absoluta frontlinjen. En bok om forskningsstiftelserna, konkurrenskraften och politikens möjligheter. - 1651-873X. ; , s. 267-318
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 65. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-
(författare)
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Guld och gröna skogar? : miljöanpassningen av Rönnskärsverken 1960-2000
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to reach further understanding of the development of environmental adaptation in Swedish heavy industry by studying the case of the Rönnskär Smelter 1960-2000. More specifically, the aim of the thesis is to investigate the interplay between firm level environmental adaptation and national environmental politics and economic development. To fulfil this aim, the following questions are asked: How have company activities such as production processes, organisation and company strategies been developed and adopted in order to meet environmental demands with maintained competitiveness? How have company activities been framed by environmental policies and the specific environmental regulations, relevant for this case? What other factors, beside environmental regulations, have driven and framed the environmental adaptation process of the firm? The study concludes that a long-range competitive environmental adaptation was reached by a combination of investments in environmental technology with an overall rationalisation and modernisation of the enterprise. The study suggests that the environmental adaptation process of the Rönnskär Smelter became part of an overall process of industrial modernisation during the period, which reflects a wider context than the environmental issue itself. It mirrors technological development on other fields than the environment, and an increasing competition on a global scale that called for lower unit costs of production. This led to a modernisation for pollution reduction strategy that enabled the firm to increase production but still cutting its pollution levels considerably over time. The result is partly consistent with the Porter hypothesis that suggests that strict environmental regulation can strengthen firms’ and nations’ competitiveness. Time series data shows that emissions from the Rönnskär factory have radically declined since the 1960s. For these changes, process technology has proven to be most important. Technological adjustments came about through a step-by-step adaptation. It is clear that internal solutions, developed by the companies’ own engineers were more important at an early stage, when the supply of external solutions was limited. The study also concludes that environmental regulation has strongly influenced the environmental adaptation at the Rönnskär Smelter. Of most importance is the Environmental Protection Act (EPA: Miljöskyddslagen) implemented in 1969. In the economic historian Nathan Rosenberg’s terminology, this study suggests that the EPA model of individual testing promoted long-term innovative and cost-effective technical solutions, because it was consistent with decentralised experimental activity and the specific conditions that characterise the dynamics of technological development. However, not much can be said before comparative studies within the Swedish system have been conducted, or perhaps most fruitful, between various national systems of environmental protection. This study also concludes that the environmental issue became of strategic dignity at the very beginning of the 1970s, mainly as a consequence of the implementation of the EPA. Even though environmental issues did not become important for market strategies until the 1990s, the environmental issue called already in the 1970s for adjustments that required financial and personnel resources that demanded priorities and strategic decisions at the highest level of the organisation. The study also concludes that even though the technological dimension has played the most decisive role for lowering emissions, the significance of organisation has increased over time. While the 1960s, and especially the 1970s, brought about substantial pollution reductions through new technology, organisational aspects became relatively more important when the costs of abatement were rising in the 1980s. Organisational co-ordination, division of local responsibilities and education of personnel became a supplement to technology to obtain further pollution reductions. The technician as the “environmental hero” of the firm was successively replaced by the organisational co-ordinator.
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| 66. |
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| 67. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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2019: Report of the Swedish Climate Policy Council
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden’s overarching climate target is to reach net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045, followed by negative emissions. This long-term target is complemented by several interim targets. Those climate targets, the planning and monitoring system regulated under the Swedish Climate Act (2017:720), and the Swedish Climate Policy Council together form Sweden’s climate policy framework.The Climate Act took effect on 1 January 2018 after being adopted by a broad majority of the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament). The mission of the Swedish Climate Policy Council is to determine if the government’s overall design of policies is compatible with the climate targets adopted by the Parliament and the Government. The Council uses a broad approach to evaluate the comprehensive policy, aiming to assess the effect of different policies on greenhouse gas emission trends. From this broad perspective, we examine the comprehensive policy in two dimensions: leadership and governance, and policy instruments.We define leadership and governance as policy targets, organisation and work procedures. Policy instruments include all the decisions and actions that directly affect citizens, companies and other stakeholders, including taxes, fees, regulations, public-sector consumption and investments.Since 1990, Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 26%. This reduction mainly took place between 2003 and 2014. Thereafter the rate of reduction slowed, and 2017 was the third consecutive year in which emissions decreased by less than 1%. This rate is far too slow to achieve the climate targets, except for the upcoming 2020 target. The rate of reduction would need to accelerate to between 5% and 8% each year to meet future targets.The Swedish Climate Act states that within the framework of the budget bill, each year the Government must report climate policy decisions and actions taken during the previous year. The first climate assessment was presented to the Parliament together with the 2019 Budget Bill. It lacks assessments of how the reported climate policy decisions and actions might affect emissions. The Government recognised that additional actions are needed in several sectors, but did not state when and how decisions on these actions will be taken. The transitional government at the time said this was due to its limited mandate. This raises the stakes for the four-year Climate Action Plan that the Climate Act requires the Government to present in 2019.To achieve the long-term target, Sweden must reach the interim targets for 2030 and 2040, which include emissions that are not a part of the EU’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). All sectors matter, but reaching the 2030 goal depends heavily on progress in the transport sector, because domestic transport accounts for half of Sweden’s current emissions. In light of this, the Climate Policy Council has chosen to more closely examine policies that affect domestic transport emissions in a thematic section in this year’s report.The sectors included in the EU ETS – large-scale industry, civil aviation and power generation – account for almost 40% of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions. These sectors are included in the overarching target of net-zero emissions but not in the national interim targets, since the trading system is regulated at the EU level. There is currently no mechanism in place at the EU level to bring emissions covered by the trading system to net-zero in all Member States. Progress on these emissions is not in line with what is required for Sweden to reach its target of net-zero emissions.The report presents ten recommendations to the Swedish government: four general and six for transport policy.
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| 68. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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2020: Report of the Swedish Climate Policy Council
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is the Climate Policy Council’s annual assessment of the Government’s overall work to achieve Sweden’s climate targets. It includes an update of developments in Sweden over the past year and an assessment of the Government’s Climate policy action plan, as required of the Council under our terms of reference.The Climate Policy Council would like to express its sincere thanks to the more than 100 organisations, researchers, experts and practitioners who contributed to this report. The conclusionsand recommendations presented here are the Climate Policy Council’s own.
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| 69. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Det klimatpolitiska ramverket : rapport 2018
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Klimatpolitiska rådet bildades den 1 januari 2018 med uppgift att utvärdera hur regeringens samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som riksdagen och regeringen har beslutat. Detta är rådets första rapport. Här presenteras rådets ledamöter och vårt uppdrag, som en del av Sveriges klimatpolitiska ramverk och dess internationella sammanhang i EU och FN.I Paris i december 2015 enades världens länder om ett nytt globalt klimatavtal under klimatkonventionen. Parisavtalet är historiskt då det är det första klimatavtalet som nästan alla världens länder står bakom. Processen bakom avtalet involverade också en lång rad andra viktiga aktörer inom näringsliv, forskning, civilsamhälle, städer och regioner.Efter Parisavtalet har ramverken för att hantera klimatproblemet förstärkts även på europeisk och nationell nivå. I juni 2017 beslutade riksdagen om ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk för Sverige med stöd av en mycket bred majoritet av riksdagens partier. Ramverket innehåller tre delar: långsiktiga mål, ett planerings- och uppföljningssystem samt ett klimatpolitiskt råd. Delar av ramverket är reglerat i en klimatlag.Det övergripande målet i det klimatpolitiska ramverket är att Sverige senast år 2045 inte har några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären, för att därefter uppnå negativa utsläpp. Ramverket innehåller även etappmål på vägen mot det långsiktiga målet.Som en del av den parlamentariska överenskommelsen och det klimatpolitiska ramverket har regeringen inrättat det Klimatpolitiska rådet. Rådets huvuduppdrag är att ”utvärdera hur regeringens samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som riksdag och regering har beslutat”.Uppdraget att granska regeringens samlade politik understryker klimatfrågans breda och tvärsektoriella karaktär. Att nå målen om ett fossilfritt samhälle utan några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser inom 25 år innebär en omfattande samhällsförändring i ett komplext samspel mellan mängder av olika faktorer, aktörer och drivkrafter. Klimatfrågan spänner därmed också över i princip samtliga vetenskapliga fält. Det klimatpolitiska rådet består av personer med bred tvär- och mångvetenskaplig kompetens inom naturvetenskap, samhällsvetenskap, humaniora och teknikvetenskap. Till sitt förfogande har rådet ett kansli med tre heltidsanställda.Under första halvan av 2018 kommer rådet att forma inriktning och planer för arbetet. Klimatpolitiska rådet kommer att koncentrera sitt arbete till hur Sverige ska nå klimatmålen genom utsläppsminskningar och kompletterande åtgärder. Klimatanpassningsfrågor ingår inte i rådets arbetsområde.Sverige är inte det första landet som instiftar ett klimatpolitiskt råd. I bland annat Storbritannien, Danmark och Finland finns sedan flera år tillbaka liknande organ. I Sverige bidrar redan många andra myndigheter och organisationer på olika sätt med analys och kunskapsunderlag kring klimatpolitiken. Klimatpolitiska rådet har en unik roll bland myndigheter genom sitt fokus på den samhälleliga klimatomställningen, sitt oberoende och sitt breda mandat att utvärdera regeringens samlade politik.
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| 70. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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DN Debatt. ”Regeringens krispolitik måste rymmas i klimatramverket”
- 2020
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - : Bonnier. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Klimatpolitiska rådet: Vi kommer att granska om återhämtningspolitiken är förenlig med Sveriges klimatmål.Idén med det av riksdagen beslutade klimatpolitiska ramverket är att klimatomställningen inte ska vara beroende av den ekonomiska eller politiska konjunkturen.
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