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  • Resultat 16951-16960 av 22732
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16951.
  • Nolander, Carl, et al. (författare)
  • A review of forest ecosystem services and their spatial valuation characteristics
  • Ingår i: Ecosystem Services. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forests provide a variety of resources and benefits, but only a few such as timber are traded on markets. Ecosystem service valuation is a method to quantify the non-market benefits of forests in order to understand the full costs of forest management. This review goes through ecosystem service valuations of forests during the past 20 years, with a particular focus on spatial modeling of ecosystem services. The findings are that there is a huge variation in the values reported for similar ecosystem services, but that carbon sequestration, recreation in forests, and hydrological services such as watershed protection and flood prevention are the ecosystem services that consistently are valued highly in the reviewed studies. In the last ten years, studies are more frequently modeling ecosystem services spatially.
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16952.
  • Nolander, Carl (författare)
  • Carbon Sink or Energy Source : Economic perspectives on future uses of forest resources in Sweden
  • 2021
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Abstract Forests and the resources they offer have been important for the Swedish economy for a long time, and the forest industry remains a large part of the manufacturing industry even as the economy is becoming more service-based. Forests are also increasingly seen as an important source of biofuels that can be used to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and to reach the target for a carbon neutral economy by the year 2050. Additionally, the preservation of forests for their various ecosystem services remains high on the political agenda. This thesis examines important economic issues of ecosystem services and bioenergy from forests as well as the goal conflicts within forestry in Sweden in four separate papers. The aim is to contribute to the research on optimal social use of Sweden’s forests and the future of forestry when considering ecosystem services and the trade-off between demands for different forest products. This is particularly important since Sweden is moving towards a circular bio-economy where forests are becoming increasingly important as a fuel and material source. The first paper presents the current state of ecosystem service valuation and the challenges that needs to be addressed in the field when moving forward. The second paper applies the methodology of benefit transfer in a spatially explicit context to provide maps of ecosystem services for Sweden. The results are reasonable compared to previous estimations and the main contribution is the mapping of the spatial distribution of carbon sequestration and recreation in Sweden. The third paper focuses on the market for biomass and examines the elasticity for demand for the different sectors that uses forest biomass as an input. The findings are that the pulp and heating sectors are more sensitive towards price changes, while sawmills would to a larger extent be able to transfer increasing costs to their customers. This is in line with the expected outcome that as demand for biofuels increase, the heating sector would compete for biomass mainly with the pulp sector, rather than the sawmill industry. The fourth paper examines the effect of internalizing carbon sequestration on the rotation periods of forests in Sweden, as well as the effect of increased biofuel production. The results are that internalizing carbon sequestration would lengthen rotation periods, but there are large regional differences, and a carbon price that would barely increase rotation in southern Sweden may lead to infinite rotations in northern Sweden.  This thesis recommends joint optimization of ecosystem services with market values but recommends against paying forest-owners for the carbon their forests sequester. While carbon storage would increase, a large part of the money would go towards paying for sequestration that already would occur in absence of the payment for ecosystem services scheme. Additionally, it would be difficult to price the subsidy/tax on a level that extends rotation in all the country without it leading to infinite rotation periods in any parts of the countries, which would have dramatic effects for the local forest industry. The goal conflicts within the Swedish forest sector needs to be examined further, going forward. This thesis touch upon the complexity with some of these goal conflicts, both between industry such as the pulp and heating sectors, but also between the environmental goals of “Sustainable Forests” and “Reduced Climate Impact”, as well as with recreational uses of forests. There is certainly potential for synergy in some cases, the fourth paper showed favorable outcomes when optimizing for timber, biofuels and carbon sequestration, but Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes are expensive and may not be the most efficient use of taxpayer money.  
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16953.
  • Nolander, Carl, et al. (författare)
  • Ecosystem services in forest sector models : A review
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Meeting Sweden's current and future energy challenges, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2016. - Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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16954.
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16955.
  • Nolander, Carl (författare)
  • Spatial and Economic Values of Ecosystem Services : The Case of Sweden's Forests
  • 2018
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The objective of this licentiate thesis is to determine the value of ecosystem services and their relative importance, and to develop methods to weight these benefits against the market value of timber and other uses for forests. These issues are addressed in two papers with a focus on spatial modeling of ecosystem services and the method of benefit transfer. The aim is to contribute to the research regarding the optimal social use of forests for Sweden in particular and the future of forestry in general, particularly when it comes to ecosystem services and the tradeoff between demands for different forest products.The first article is a review study of previous studies estimating monetary valuations of ecosystem services of forests during the past 20 years. The review has a particular focus on spatial modeling of ecosystem services and the underlying characteristics that influence the value of an ecosystem service. In total, 118 studies are included in the review, and themajority of these studies do not model the spatial distribution of the ecosystem services and assume it identical across the area that is being studied, but the share of spatially explicit studies is increasing in the last ten years. The review finds that carbon sequestration, recreation, and ecosystem services related to the prevention of natural hazards,e.g. floods and avalanches, are the forest based ecosystem services that consistently are valued highly in the reviewed studies. There is however, significant variation in the values reported for similar ecosystem services.The second article is focused estimates the value of recreation and carbon sequestration in Swedish forests, using the benefit transfer approach and a spatially explicit perspective. The distribution for the services is mapped for the whole country, and the monetary value applied to the services is based on comparisons between the results of previous studies. The aim of the article is to develop the use of spatial mapping on larger scales than has been done previously, and add to the limited number of ecosystem service valuations for the Nordic countries by providing a fully populated spatial mapping of two of the more important ecosystem services of Sweden. In general, values found for the two ecosystem services are almost as high as timber values, but the values and their distribution varies highly across the landscape. Both ecosystem services are found to have higher values in southern Sweden and close to cities.
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16956.
  • Nolander, Carl (författare)
  • The value and spatial characteristics of recreation and carbon sequestration in Sweden’s forests
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper estimates the value of two ecosystem services, recreation and carbon sequestration, in Swedish forests. The services are spatially mapped for the whole country, and the benefit transfer method is used to find their monetary value. This study means to develop the use of spatial mapping on larger scales than has been done previously and add to the limited number of ecosystem service valuations for the Nordic countries by providing a fully populated spatial mapping of two of the more important ecosystem services of Sweden. In general, values found for the two ecosystem services are almost as high as timber values, but the values and their distribution vary highly across the landscape. Both ecosystem services are found to have higher values in southern Sweden and close to cities, and areas that are important for biodiversity also show high values for both carbon sequestration and recreation. 
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16957.
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16958.
  • Norback, Pehr-Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Talent development and labour market integration in European football
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The World Economy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0378-5920 .- 1467-9701. ; 44:2, s. 367-408
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper, we argue that altered incentives for clubs to develop star players after the Bosman ruling can explain why European football has seen lower competitive balance in the Champions League but more competitive balance at the national level. By having a profound impact on the transfers of players within the European Union (EU), the Bosman ruling led to stiffer bidding competition over football stars. We show that this spurred talent development primarily in EU countries without established top clubs having a positive impact on their junior and senior national teams' performance. However, the stiffer bidding competition also led to a lower competitive balance in the Champions League, as non-established clubs prefer to sell their star players instead of challenging the top clubs. We provide empirical evidence consistent with these findings.
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16959.
  • Norberg, Hanna (författare)
  • Empirical essays on Regional Specialization and Trade in Sweden
  • 2000
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis deals with the empirical testing of trade theories, traditionally used to analyze international trade, using regional data on production and trade. This thesis consists of three main essays. In the first essay, we analyze Swedish regional production. In the first part, we focus on the effects of comparative advantage in predicting regional manufacturing production. In so doing, we use a combined Heckscher-Ohlin (HO)-Ricardo approach and analyze the effect of technological differences and factor endowments. The result of our empirical test offers evidence supporting our hypotheses, namely that relative endowments of human and physical capital as well as technical differences have significant effects on Swedish regional production. In the second part of this essay, we combine the HO framework with economic geography to empirically analyze the effects of factor endowments and market size on Swedish regional manufacturing. The result from this analysis shows support for our hypotheses, namely that factor endowments as well as market size have significant effects on the pattern of manufacturing production. In the second essay, we perform a test of the Hecksher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model on Swedish regions’ trade. In so doing, we incorporate input-output analysis first introduced by Leontief to estimate the factor content of each regions’ trade. This is then compared to the theoretical predictions. While previous research has offered little empirical support for the standard HOV model, recent studies have shown that small modifications in the underlying model lead to improvements in the empirical fit. Following recent research, we modify the standard focus of the model to focus on the factor content of Swedish region’s trade. In the first part of the analysis, we use a traditional approach, in using one technology matrix to estimate the factor content of all regions’ trade. Surprisingly, the result of this analysis shows no support for the model in predicting the factor content of trade. In the second part, we introduce region-specific technology matrices, which are used as basis for our estimations. We argue that, due to the construction of input-output matrices, assuming these to be identical across regions does not only imply identical technologies. This in effect implies that each country or region has identical production and import of goods used as input. Although, the result of this analysis shows an increase in the overall fit of the model, the empirical support is still weak In the third essay, we analyze the geographical concentration of industrial activities in Sweden. First, we calculate locational Gini-coefficients as introduced by Krugman (1991) to study the relative concentration of Swedish industries. The result of these calculations shows an overall concentration of industries, however not more so for skill-intensive industries than others. Secondly, we empirically analyze the effect of factors stemming from new trade theory and economic geography frameworks on the concentration of industrial activities in Sweden. Contrary to the theoretical predictions, the result of our empirical analysis reveals no support for skill-intensity, use of intermediate goods or economies of scale in production having significant effects on the concentration of manufacturing industries. However, the use of intermediate goods used in production was shown to have a positive and significant effect on concentration when service industries were included in the sample.
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16960.
  • Norberg-Schönfeldt, Magdalena, 1976- (författare)
  • The phase-out of the nuclear family? : empirical studies on the economics and structure of modern Swedish families
  • 2007
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis consists of three papers on the economics and structure of Swedish families.Paper [I] examines the determinants of children’s educational achievement in Sweden. Special attention is given to the labour market work by mothers and fa-thers in terms of its influence on the educational outcome of their children, measured as grade point average (GPA) in compulsory as well as upper secon-dary school. The results show that there is a positive relationship between paren-tal income and GPA. Regarding the number of hours worked in the labour mar-ket, the results differ between mothers and fathers. Having a mother that works less than full time has positive effects on the child’s grades throughout the schooling of the child, whereas significant effects of the hours of work that the father puts in are found during upper secondary school only.Paper [II] explores the role of financial surprises and match quality in the disso-lution of relationships. The analysis is carried out both for surprises in the short term earnings and surprises in the long-run earnings capacity. It is found that positive surprises in short term earnings have a destabilizing effect for a rela-tionship. Generally, a negative surprise in long-run earnings capacity for males has a destabilizing effect. However, if it is combined with a female positive sur-prise, the effect is stabilizing. Commitments become more stable the older the spouses are at the start, and if young children are present.Paper [III] studies the role of unemployment in the dissolution of relationships by applying a two-step estimation method to an extensive data set, which con-tains information about young Swedish males and females. Unemployment is recognized as endogenous in the separation decision, and the results show that the effect of unemployment on separation is biased when unemployment is as-sumed to be exogenous in the separation equation. The probability of separation is found to be increasing with male unemployment, while female unemployment decreases the probability of dissolution.
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