| 41. |
- Camilleri, John J., 1986
(författare)
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Contracts and Computation — Formal modelling and analysis for normative natural language
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Whether we are aware of it or not, our digital lives are governed by contracts of various kinds, such as privacy policies, software licenses, service agreements, and regulations. At their essence, normative documents like these dictate the permissions, obligations, and prohibitions of two or more parties entering into an agreement, including the penalties which must be paid when someone breaks the rules. Such documents are often lengthy and hard to understand, and most people tend to agree to these legally binding contracts without ever reading them. Our goal is to create tools which can take a natural language document as input and allow an end user to easily ask questions about its implications, getting back meaningful answers in natural language within a reasonable amount of time. We do this by bringing formal methods to the analysis of normative texts, investigating how they can be effectively modelled and the kinds of automatic processing that these models enable. This thesis includes six research papers by the author which cover the various aspects of this approach: entity recognition and modality extraction from natural language, controlled natural languages and visual diagrams as interfaces for modelling, logical formalisms which can be used for contract representation, and analysis via syntactic filtering, trace evaluation, random testing, and model checking. These components are then combined into a prototype tool for end users, allowing for end-to-end analysis of normative texts in natural language.
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| 42. |
- Futter, Martyn, et al.
(författare)
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Forests, Forestry and the Water Framework Directive in Sweden : A Trans-Disciplinary Commentary
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907 .- 1999-4907. ; 2:1, s. 261-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is an ambitious piece of legislation designed to protect and improve water quality throughout Europe. However, forests are only mentioned once in the WFD, and forestry is not mentioned at all, despite its potential implications for streams, rivers and lakes. Here we present a transdisciplinary commentary on the WFD and its implications for forests and forestry in Sweden. This commentary has been prepared by forestry stakeholders, biophysical and social scientists. While we were cognizant of a large body of discipline-specific research, there are very few inter-or trans-disciplinary commentaries which link academic and stakeholder perspectives on the WFD. We had originally felt that there would be little commonality in our concerns. However, we found significant areas of agreement. Our key areas of concern about the implications of the WFD for forestry in Sweden included: (i) concerns about what is meant by good ecological status and how it is assessed; (ii) a perceived lack of clarity in the legal framework; (iii) an inadequate environmental impact assessment process; and (iv) uncertainties about appropriate programs of measures for improving water quality. We were also concerned that ecosystem services provided by forests and the positive effects of forestry on water quality are inadequately recognized in the WFD.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Guest Editorial: Tech and the transformation of legal imagination
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 34
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This special section on ‘Tech and the Transformation of Legal Imagination’ is an attempt at creatively exploring the law of the tech era. We believe that emerging lines of continuity and discontinuity in the current moment of tech-induced legal transformation are insufficiently investigated. Together with the authors of this special section, we therefore set out in an effort to recover and reimagine the histories of the law/tech nexus, to critically examine the imaginaries operative in the ongoing transformation but also to imagine the future of law. In so doing, we cover two different constellations: one in which the law is imagined, and another in which the law imagines. As this structure is one that operates in other disciplines, too—computer science is imagined as much as it imagines—we believe it will be a useful entry point for readers beyond the discipline of law to explore the relation between tech, law and imagination. In all, we make a move from the general theme of tech, legal transformation and imagination to the more specific one of tech and the transformation of legal imagination.
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| 45. |
- de Vries, Katja
(författare)
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You never fake alone. Creative AI in action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 23:14, s. 2110-2127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creative AI (notably GANs and VAEs) can generate convincing fakes of video footage, pictures, graphics, etc. In order to conceptualize the societal role of creative AI a new conceptual toolbox is needed. The paper provides metaphors and concepts for understanding the functioning of creative AI. It shows how the role of creative AI in relation to FAT ideals can be enriched by a dynamic and constructivist understanding of creative AI. The paper proposes to use Greimas’ actantial model as a heuristic in the operationalization of this type of understanding of creative AI.
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| 46. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
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Internet Filtering – A legitimate control mechanism of criminal behaviour in the digital society?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Stockholm Criminology Symposium.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased digitalisation of society has significantly affected the circumstances for the distribution and access of child abusive material and constitutes a serious challenge for law enforcement agencies. As a response, law enforcement has developed collaboration with private Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Sweden to control individuals’ distribution and access of child abusive material. Child abusive material, unfortunately still classified as ‘child pornography’ in Swedish legislation, refers to sexually explicit material of children and the production, distribution and possession are criminal offence in Sweden. The effects of digital technology for the production, distribution and access of child abusive material has been recognized in recent years. Digital technology is however dualistic and can be seen as a double-edged sword due to that it could, on the one side be used for criminal (or unwanted) behaviour and on the other side, be used as a powerful disciplinary tool to control such behaviour. Although most people would agree that child abusive material should be regulated through legislation, critical voices have however been raised about technological regulation such as filtering and argue that it is a form of censorship primarily associated with non-democratic states and constitutes serious threats to civil liberties such as freedom of expression and privacy. The Swedish filtering practice is a topical example where technology is used to control individuals’ criminal behaviour and raises important complex and ethical questions. This study uses the Swedish filtering practice in relation to child abusive material as an empirical setting. Following questions is focused: (1) What characterises the filtering practice? (2) Could the practice be seen as effective in preventing and controlling the distribution and access to child abusive material? (3) What challenges could be identified with the use of filtering technology as a regulative mechanism?
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Gipperth, Lena, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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The Lack of Regulation of Chemical Mixtures and Its Legal Consequences in the Baltic Sea Area
- 2018
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Ingår i: Regulatory gaps in Baltic Sea governance : selected issues / edited by Henrik Ringbom.. - : Springer, Cham. - 9783319750699 ; , s. 69-87
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter discusses the void in legal protection of the Baltic Sea from the combined effects of multiple chemicals. While individual chemicals are subject to detailed regulation at international and EU-level, combinations sometimes fall outside the scope of any rules. The article analyses to what extent EU laws consider potential combination effects of chemicals and how, which types of chemical exposure is considered and how combination effects of chemicals in the Baltic Sea could be regulated in the future.
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| 49. |
- Hassler, Björn, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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New generation EU directives, sustainability, and the role of transnationalcoordination in Baltic Sea maritime spatial planning
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; :169, s. 254-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU MSP Directive is an example of a so-called new generation directive, which gives Member States room foradaptation to national contexts. The main objective in this article is to identify and analyse potential obstacles toeffective and efficient planning caused by the diversity among national MSP frameworks that the Directive'sbroad regulatory boundaries have led to. It is shown that planning approaches can differ substantially betweenneighbouring countries, which can make it challenging to coordinate across national borders. Divergence betweennational MSP frameworks can also emerge from how political, jurisdictional and, administrative systemsand traditions are organised in different Member States. It is shown that neighbouring countries can divergesubstantially in how the ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainability are balanced, which canmake transnational coordination challenging. Furthermore, it is shown that stakeholder consultations differamong Member States in terms of, for example, who were invited, how the consultations were undertaken, andthe role they play in relation to political decision-making. Because of these, and other differences in how MSPframeworks are being developed in the Member States, it is suggested that regional integration should bepromoted with discretion. From this perspective, it seems reasonable to embrace diversity, while simultaneouslypromoting the adaptive management of coordination problems at lower levels, when, or if, they emerge or canbe foreseen. Thus, increased integration of national MSP frameworks should be viewed as an instrument toreduce concrete efficiency losses, rather than as an intrinsic good.
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| 50. |
- Jagers, Sverker, et al.
(författare)
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Societal causes of, and responses to, ocean acidification
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 816-830
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major climate and ecological changes affect the world's oceans leading to a number of responses including increasing water temperatures, changing weather patterns, shrinking ice-sheets, temperature-driven shifts in marine species ranges, biodiversity loss and bleaching of coral reefs. In addition, ocean pH is falling, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). The root cause of OA lies in human policies and behaviours driving society's dependence on fossil fuels, resulting in elevated CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In this review, we detail the state of knowledge of the causes of, and potential responses to, OA with particular focus on Swedish coastal seas. We also discuss present knowledge gaps and implementation needs.
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