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Sökning: hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP) hsv:(Juridik) > Lantbruksvetenskap

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41.
  • Fiskeadministrationen : ett organisationsförslag
  • 1976
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Den översyn av den statliga fiskeadministrationen som vi påbörjade i maj 1976 har omfattat administrationens samtliga delar. Vissa frågor är inte slutbehandlade.Vi har avgränsat flera områden som måste bli föremål för fortsatta överväganden. I kapitel 6 har vi dragit upp riktlinjerna för ett fortsatt utredningsarbete under första halvåret 1977.FörslagetGenomgången har fäst vår uppmärksamhet på några grundläggande frågor, som har avgörande betydelse för administrationens förmaga att möta de krav som ställs på verksamheten. Dessa frågor är- planeringsverksamheten- verksamhetsinriktningen- avgränsningen av ansvarsområden- arbetsfördelningen mellan olika enheter- resursdimensioneringen- personaladministrationenRapporten har i vissa avsnitt en hög detaljeringsgrad, särskilt de avsnitt som behandlar de olika enheternas arbetsuppgifter. Vi vill understryka, att den föreslagna fördelningen av arbetsuppgifter och resurser anger den huvudsakliga verksamhetsinriktningen och inte får ses som något slutligt ställningstagande. Överväganden i dessa frågor måste tvärtom på ett naturligt sätt komma in i den årliga verksamhetsplaneringen. Förslaget bör därför mera ses som ett första steg i en sådan verksamhetsplaneringsprocess.Våra ställningstaganden till fiskeadministrationens verksamhet har samlats till kapitel 4. Detta kapitel kan delasi två principiellt olika delar.-Avsnitten 4.1 t o m 4.5 behandlar övergripande frågor av planeringskaraktär (planeringsrollen)- Avsnitten 4.6 t o m 4.14 behandlar verksamheten - ansvarsområden, planeringsroll, resursfrågor vid de olika enheterna (verksamhetsinriktningen).Kapitel 5 berör den administrativa service som lantbruksnämnderna bör lämna fiskenämnderna när dessa inrättas I977-07-01.
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42.
  • Futter, Martyn, et al. (författare)
  • Forests, Forestry and the Water Framework Directive in Sweden : A Trans-Disciplinary Commentary
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907 .- 1999-4907. ; 2:1, s. 261-282
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is an ambitious piece of legislation designed to protect and improve water quality throughout Europe. However, forests are only mentioned once in the WFD, and forestry is not mentioned at all, despite its potential implications for streams, rivers and lakes. Here we present a transdisciplinary commentary on the WFD and its implications for forests and forestry in Sweden. This commentary has been prepared by forestry stakeholders, biophysical and social scientists. While we were cognizant of a large body of discipline-specific research, there are very few inter-or trans-disciplinary commentaries which link academic and stakeholder perspectives on the WFD. We had originally felt that there would be little commonality in our concerns. However, we found significant areas of agreement. Our key areas of concern about the implications of the WFD for forestry in Sweden included: (i) concerns about what is meant by good ecological status and how it is assessed; (ii) a perceived lack of clarity in the legal framework; (iii) an inadequate environmental impact assessment process; and (iv) uncertainties about appropriate programs of measures for improving water quality. We were also concerned that ecosystem services provided by forests and the positive effects of forestry on water quality are inadequately recognized in the WFD.
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43.
  • Holmes, Thomas P., et al. (författare)
  • Fundamental Economic Irreversibilities Influence Policies for Enhancing International Forest Phytosanitary Security
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Current Forestry Reports. - Cham : Springer. - 2198-6436. ; 3:3, s. 244-254
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • National and international efforts to manage forest biosecurity create tension between opposing sources of ecological and economic irreversibility. Phytosanitary policies designed to protect national borders from biological invasions incur sunk costs deriving from economic and political irreversibilities that incentivizes wait-and-see decision-making. However, the potential for irreversible ecological and economic damages resulting from failed phytosanitary policies argues for precautionary measures, creating sunk benefits while increasing the risk of over-investment in phytosanitary security. Here, we describe the inherent tension between these sources of irreversibility in economic terms, relate these forces to type I and type II errors, and use this framework to review national and international efforts to protect forests from biological invasions. Available historical evidence suggests that wait-and-see phytosanitary decision-making has dominated the adoption of precautionary measures in most regions and that willingness to under-regulate may sometimes be orders of magnitude greater than willingness to over-regulate. Reducing scientific uncertainty about threats to biosecurity may help mitigate the tendency to under-regulate, and phytosanitary security measures with relatively modest sunk costs could help protect forests as scientific learning advances. A fuller accounting of the costs associated with type II errors, particularly regarding the suite of non-market ecosystem services at risk, would help decision-makers better understand the trade-offs between the sunk costs of policies and long-term economic losses to stakeholders.
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44.
  • Keskitalo, E. Carina H., et al. (författare)
  • Agenda-setting and framing of policy solutions for forest pests in Canada and Sweden : Avoiding beetle outbreaks?
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 65, s. 59-68
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Extreme events such as pest outbreaks is one of the issues that may become more pronounced with climate change, placing potentially unprecedented requirements on policy systems to manage and develop responses to these, including potential changes in legislation. This study reviews the way in agenda-setting and framing of policy solutions was developed for the issue of bark beetle pest outbreaks following major outbreaks in Sweden and Canada. The study concludes that the larger events in Canada have resulted in a longer policy window, with a higher focus on developing responses on multiple levels, while the issue in Sweden has led to more specialized response, with the policy window closing after instrumental revisions of legislation. While such responses may be appropriate at the present, they place into consideration development of responses to potentially larger events in the context of climate change. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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45.
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46.
  • Lundmark Hedman, Frida, et al. (författare)
  • Thirty Years of Changes and the Current State of Swedish Animal Welfare Legislation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Simple Summary: Sweden is often cited as a leading country in animal welfare and related legislation, but some recent changes in the national legislation are seen as lowering the animal welfare requirements in order to improve the competitiveness of Swedish farmers. In this study, we analysed suggested changes to the Swedish welfare legislation between 1988 and 2019 relating to horses, cattle and pigs, including the written motivations, the written stakeholder responses and the actual changes to the final regulations. We used a sample of 77 legal requirements to assess in depth whether the animal welfare level was affected by these changes in the legislation. The results showed that the animal welfare requirements in Sweden for cattle, pigs and horses increased overall during the 30-year study period, but that a number of specific requirements had been relaxed to satisfy interests other than animal welfare. Thus, the new requirements should be evaluated more fully in order to determine whether they serve their purpose in practice.Sweden is often seen as a leading country in animal welfare and legislation, but some recent amendments to the legislation are perceived as relaxing animal welfare requirements in order to improve the competitiveness of the relevant industry and of farmers. In this study, we analysed the suggested and actual changes in the Swedish national animal welfare regulations relating to horses, cattle and pigs between 1988 and 2019 and the consequences for the intended animal welfare level. The regulations and amendments, including the proposals, the written motivations, the stakeholders' written responses to the proposed amendments and the final amendments, were scrutinised in detail. A sample of 77 requirements was then selected to assess whether and how the animal welfare level was affected by these legislative changes. The results indicated that the animal welfare protection level for cattle, pigs and horses increased overall during the 30-year period, but that a number of specific requirements had been relaxed to meet objectives other than animal welfare. It was more difficult to determine whether animal welfare improved in practice during the same period, due to the lack of systematic evaluations of the consequences of amending the regulations. Future evaluations are needed to evaluate the outcome of new legislative requirements and to monitor whether they serve their purpose in practice.
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47.
  • Lundqvist, Peter (författare)
  • Occupational Health and Safety Regulations in the Dairy Industry
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Agromedicine. - 1059-924X .- 1545-0813. ; 18, s. 210-218
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The application of occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation in the dairy industry varies throughout the world. Generally there is no specific OHS legislation that applies to the dairy industry and mostly in countries the current OHS legislation applies to all workplaces with specific guidelines that apply to agricultural industries. The main difference between countries is in the application of OHS legislation specifically in relation to the size of the farms. In the USA, the OHS legislation, and therefore enforcement, does not, in most cases, apply to farms with less than 11 employees, whereas in other countries there is no minimum number of employees and in some cases such as the United Kingdom and Australia it covers all people who work on the farm. The other area of difference is in the use and publication of guidelines for the industry; some countries have a wide range of guidelines whereas other counties have few. Generally, this relates to the jurisdiction of the OHS legislation, which in several countries is not at a national level such as USA, Canada, and Australia. The main principal of OHS legislation is that all workplaces, including dairy farms, should be a safe and healthy place to work, and does not vary significantly between the countries reviewed even those with prescriptive legislation.
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48.
  • Mie, Axel, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Non-disclosure of developmental neurotoxicity studies obstructs the safety assessment of pesticides in the European Union
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Environmental Health. - 1476-069X. ; 22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background In the European Union (EU), the safety assessment of plant protection products relies to a large extent on toxicity studies commissioned by the companies producing them. By law, all performed studies must be included in the dossier submitted to authorities when applying for approval or renewal of the active substance.Methods For one type of toxicity, i.e. developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), we evaluated if studies submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had also been disclosed to EU authorities.Results We identified 35 DNT studies submitted to the U.S. EPA and with the corresponding EU dossiers available. Of these, 9 DNT studies (26%) were not disclosed by the pesticide company to EU authorities. For 7 of these studies, we have identified an actual or potential regulatory impact.Conclusions We conclude that (1) non-disclosure of DNT studies to EU authorities, in spite of clear legal requirements, seems to be a recurring phenomenon, (2) the non-disclosure may introduce a bias in the regulatory risk assessment, and (3) without full access to all performed toxicity studies, there can be no reliable safety evaluation of pesticides by EU authorities. We suggest that EU authorities should cross-check their data sets with their counterparts in other jurisdictions. In addition, applications for pesticide approval should be cross-checked against lists of studies performed at test facilities operating under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), to ensure that all studies have been submitted to authorities. Furthermore, rules should be amended so that future studies should be commissioned by authorities rather than companies. This ensures the authorities’ knowledge of existing studies and prevents the economic interest of the company from influencing the design, performance, reporting and dissemination of studies. The rules or practices should also be revised to ensure that non-disclosure of toxicity studies carries a significant legal risk for pesticide companies.
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49.
  • Pettersson, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Possibility to implement invasive species control in Swedish forests
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 45, s. 214-222
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Invasive alien species constitute an increasing risk to forestry, as indeed to natural systems in general. This study reviews the legislative framework governing invasive species in the EU and Sweden, drawing upon both a legal analysis and interviews with main national level agencies responsible for implementing this framework. The study concludes that EU and Sweden are limited in how well they can act on invasive species, in particular because of the weak interpretation of the precautionary principle in the World Trade Organisation and Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreements. In the Swedish case, this interpretation also conflicts with the stronger interpretation of the precautionary principle under the Swedish Environmental Code, which could in itself provide for stronger possibilities to act on invasive species.
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50.
  • Skarin, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Beregning av tapt beite etter utbygging av vindkraftverk samt kraftlinjer på Fosen
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Tidsskriftet Utmark. - 1502-3532. ; , s. 28-40
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • oktober 2021 erklærte Norges Høyesterett at utbyggingen av vindkraftverkene på Storheia og Roan innenfor Fosen reinbeitedistrikt ikke var lovlig etter FNs konvensjon om sivile og politiske rettigheter artikkel 27. Vindparkers forstyrrelser på dyreliv og reindrift har blitt rapportert og diskutert av forskere i flere tiår. Litteraturstudier fra Norge og Sverige viser at driftsfasen har sterk negativ virkning på reinens (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) valg av beiter (habitat) i og ved (influenssoner) vindkraftverk da støy og rotorbevegelser fra vindmøllene pågår hele døgnet. I forbindelse med lagmannsrettssaken for vindparkene på Fosen ble vi engasjert til å beregne hvilke påvirkninger og tap utbyggingen av vindparker ville ha for nordgruppen (Nord‐Fosen sijte) innenfor Fosen reinbeitedistrikt (Skarin mfl. 2019. Basert på dette faktum beregnet vi (Skarin mfl. 2019) det antatte beitetapet av viktige vinterbeiter i vindkraftverksområdene og influensområdene rundt disse. I vår utredning vurderte vi det direkte beitetapet i vindkraftområdene og kraftlinjetraséen, samt indirekte beitetap som areal av beitetyper og fôr (fôrenheter) i influenssoner på 0‐1 km, 1‐3 km og 3‐5 km utfra inngrepsområdene. Vi konstaterte at utbyggingsområdene (planområdene) for vindkraftverkene i Nord‐Fosen sijte utgjorde 43 km2 (17,5 %) av særlig viktige vinterbeiteområder med lite snø vest for fylkesvei 715. Dermed valgte vi å utføre en tradisjonell beitetapsanalyse basert på en metode utviklet i FATIMA‐overskjønnet (Fastlandsforbindelsen til Magerøya i Finnmark) i 2000. Metoden forutsetter at «arealene dels er direkte beslaglagt av de oppførte installasjoner og dels er indirekte beslaglagt ved at rein unnviker tilgrensende områder» (Hålogaland Lagmannsrett 2000) og dermed utløser beregning av beitetap. Overskjønnet i Frostating lagmannsrett dømte Fosen vind til å erstatte kostnadene ved å vinterfôre 50 % av reinen i 90 døgn i gjerder, en løsning de mente ikke ville føre til overskridelse av artikkel 27.Høyesterett sår imidlertid tvil om denne konklusjonen: «Vinterfôring etter lagmannsrettens modell avvek vesentlig fra tradisjonell, nomadisk reindrift.» En slik fôring var etter det som var opplyst for Høyesterett ikke tidligere prøvd ut i Norge. Vi diskuterer også variasjonen i domsavsigelser de ulike lagmannsretter har fattet siden FATIMA‐dommen i 2000 noe som kan ha sammenheng med rettenes kompetanse og varierende sammensetning eller en utvikling i reindriftsretten. Avslutningsvis spør vi om variasjonen i domsavsigelser de ulike lagmannsretter har fattet siden FATIMA‐dommen i 2000 kan ha sammenheng med rettenes kompetanse og varierende sammensetning eller en utvikling i reindriftsretten.
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