| 21. |
- Kern, Jhonnie
(författare)
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Wreck Law - A Systematisation of Legal Interests and Conflicts
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to systematise legal interests and conflicts in relation to wrecks and wreck removal. The ambition of the systematisation is to provide a framework and a perspective of this area of law and the context in which these interests and conflicts reside. In order to achieve this, a classification of different wrecks is made. Wrecks are distinguished based on the problems that they can cause as well as other factors such as proprietary interests, ethical aspects and time. The study explores wrecks that pose hazards to the environment or to the navigation of other vessels, as well as wrecks that are subject to different needs of protection as a consequence of being dangerous, historical or sites that contain human remains. Wrecks are also distinguished in relation to time depending on whether the wreck is historical, modern or in-between these two categories. In relation to all these aspects, several jurisdictions, ranging from English law to the Nordic legal systems, and the variety of norms and perspectives that they bring to the area have been studied. Also the historical background to these issues as well as different interpretations and definitions of wreck are discussed. The systematisation can be used in various ways, e.g. in order to analyse problems involving wrecks and wreck removal as well as discussing possible regulatory mechanisms and solutions that can deal with the identified interests and conflicts. By systematising the interests and conflicts, a structure is created which makes it easier to approach and understand this area of law and the legal norms that are involved. The contribution of this work amounts to new knowledge because of the understanding that the structure brings as a whole but also in its different parts along with the legal issues that are analysed there.
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| 22. |
- Kyrönviita, Jonas, 1988
(författare)
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Odla fisk rätt - en systemanalytisk undersökning av den rättsliga styrningen av svenskt vattenbruk
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Undersökningen fokuserar på den rättsliga styrningen av den svenska vattenbruksnäringen – en näring som under lång tid har identifierats som en potentiellt central del i den svenska livsmedelsförsörjningen men som inte har varit föremål för den utveckling som under lång tid varit ett uttalat mål. Näringen är samtidigt ingalunda oproblematisk och den rättsliga styrningen används för att tillförsäkra en hållbar näringsutveckling i enlighet med uppsatta mål, såväl avseende skyddsintressen som produktionsintressen. Det övergripande syftet för undersökningen är att utvärdera funktionaliteten i den rättsliga styrningen av det svenska vattenbruket i förhållande till relevanta politiska mål. Syftet uppnås genom att en systemanalys tillämpas som genomförs i fyra steg: (1) det system som är föremål för undersökningen identifieras, (2) systemet tillskrivs mål, (3) systemets struktur fastställs och de enskilda komponenterna beskrivs i detalj samt (4) relationen mellan systemets komponenter framställs och inkonsekvenser mellan mål och funktion identifieras. Undersökningen visar att systemet för den rättsliga styrningen av vattenbruk i Sverige är fragmenterat och komplext vilket leder till en styrning som framförallt har förutsättningar att detaljstyra flera av verksamhetens enskilda delar var för sig mot uppsatta målsättningar men som även ger förutsättningar för en administrativt tungrodd och ibland motsägelsefull styrning som har svårt att effektivt styra mot övergripande mål.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Lerwall, Lotta
(författare)
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Könsdiskriminering – en analys av nationell och internationell rätt
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the concept of sex discrimination in Swedish law compared with EU-law and international (human rights) law. Focus lies on labour law and educational law. The first part of the study gives a general background to the legislation on sex discrimination and the aim of gender equality. The second part of the study analyses the concepts of "sex" and "discrimination". The different components of sex discrimination are identified. There are differences between the systems regarding what is included in the concept of sex. The approach to the concept of discrimination also differs. Swedish law and EU-law consider all adverse differential treatment as discrimination but are open to exceptions to the prohibition. There can be exceptions in cases of direct discrimination but not in cases of indirect discrimination. International law only considers unreasonable differential treatment as discrimination. Consequently exceptions are not needed. There are differences between the three legal systems regarding what differential treatment is allowed. This is discussed in the third part. This part also encompasses an analysis of the terminology regarding actions promoting gender equality. In the fourth part there is a concluding discussion on the concept of discrimination on grounds of sex in relation to the goal of gender equality. I argue that reasons for differential treatment must be thoroughly examined before being accepted as gender neutral and that differential treatment on grounds of sex should not be allowed if it is in contradiction with the aim of gender equality. I also propose a change in the Swedish law to only consider unreasonable differential treatment on grounds of sex as gender discrimination.
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| 26. |
- Litins'ka, Yana
(författare)
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Assessing Capacity to Decide on Medical Treatment: On Human Rights and the Use of Medical Knowledge in the Laws of England, Russia and Sweden
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To provide a valid consent to – or refusal of – medical intervention, a patient must be legally capable to decide. This dissertation evaluates and compares when the assessment of mental abilities to refuse – or consent to – somatic medical intervention is required in England, Russia and Sweden, and what criteria must be applied to assess the ability to decide about somatic medical interventions in these legal orders. Two standards are used for evaluation and comparison. These standards are consistency with scientific knowledge of the decision-making process, and compliance with the United Nations and the Council of Europe human rights law requirements. The evaluation and comparison of the national legal orders seek to highlight the solutions and the potential difficulties that the domestic legal systems face when they attempt to realise the two standards.The analysis in the thesis indicates that the United Nations and the Council of Europe treaty bodies have chosen different approaches as to permissibility of capacity assessment procedures. It is argued that after adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the capacity assessments of adults should not be allowed in healthcare.A number of common problems within the selected legal systems are identified and analysed in the thesis. The question of when capacity assessments must start has not yet received much attention at national levels, which results in an absence of foreseeability and a possibility for discriminating against patients on the grounds of disability or health. The thesis highlights the fact that the national law requirements to draw a distinction between mental and somatic disorders/care are particularly problematic, and may lead to arbitrariness. The questions as to the legal classification of capacity assessment procedures (whether they are medical interventions or the collection of personal data), and accordingly, the legal status of refusal or absence of consent are also poorly foreseeable, which may lead to a violation of the patient’s right to privacy.The analysis shows that the criteria for capacity assessments are regulated in a manner that inevitably leads to arbitrariness when deciding whether a patient can make healthcare decisions. It was shown that the criteria are interpreted differently by various actors, and no agreement as to the required level of performance is reached. It is also argued that capacity assessments rarely allow for achieving the goal of checking whether or not a patient can choose what to do with his or her own body.
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| 27. |
- Longworth, Sally Alexandra, 1983-
(författare)
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Freedom of expression in armed conflict : The silence between spaces
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) in regards to the right to freedom of expression in armed conflict. Freedom of expression is a touchstone of other human rights and a cornerstone of democracy. Digital technology, social media and the internet have enormously facilitated the exercise of this right and completely changed how societies seek, receive and share information. These changes have significant impacts in situations of armed conflict, where the stakes of ensuring access to accurate information are raised even further. However, despite significant research on the relationship between the application of IHRL and IHL during armed conflict, freedom of expression remains an underexplored area. A deeper look on a normative level at the right to freedom of expression in armed conflict reveals a dynamic relationship between IHRL and IHL. This research shows that the protection and fulfilment of the right to exercise freedom of expression under IHRL is a core mechanism for fulfilling the obligations to respect and ensure respect under IHL. In addition, IHL provides complementary protections aimed at addressing the specific vulnerabilities of the exercise of freedom of expression presented by situations of armed conflict. The IHL provisions import lessons from history that those who speak out against atrocities and violence are often silenced and that the dominance of one narrative and interest can lead to further violations of international legal standards. Recourse can therefore be made to IHRL standards in interpreting these requirements under IHL. In such circumstances, IHRL may offer individuals an opportunity to secure their rights under IHL through IHRL enforcement mechanisms where these rights are complementary to the protection of freedom of expression under IHRL. Simultaneously, the application and interpretation of the right to freedom of expression can inform the implementation of other IHL obligations that impact the exercise of freedom of expression, such as addressing the spread of misinformation as a ruse of war or where the parties to the conflict block access to the internet and other information sources. Further, the situation of armed conflict changes the context in which the right to freedom of expression may be exercised. Depending on the nature of the interference with the right and particular facts, it is necessary to refer to IHL in order to understand how the right operates in the context of armed conflict. This cross-referencing between the two bodies of law is necessary to uphold the rights contained therein and to implement the corresponding obligations coherently. Doing so reveals opportunities and solutions to address issues raised in the concurrent application of both bodies of law. That said, unless the proper balance is achieved between these overlapping norms, the protections afforded under both risk being undermined. As freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, understanding the legal framework applicable to its exercise in armed conflict is essential to keep the whole house from tumbling down.
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| 28. |
- Lunell, Erika, 1966-
(författare)
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Okonventionella varumärken : - form, färg, doft, ljud
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with new types of marks – shape marks, colour marks, feel marks, hologram marks, motion marks, sound marks, scent marks and taste marks – which, as an option or complement to conventional word or figure marks, are being increasingly used as trade marks in the market place. This trend gives rise to legal and practical questions related to the application of already established trade mark principles in the new context. These questions are the topic of the present investigation. Two issues are studied more closely: the concept of distinctiveness and that of graphic representation.To function as a trade mark a sign must be capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of others. For this, a link must be established between the mark and the goods or services. A problem is that an unconventional sign often conveys functional or decorative messages in addition to the trade mark message. The problem of conflicting messages given by a mark is discussed in some detail, as well as the situation where multiple marks are used in relation to one and the same product. A special problem is that the mark sometimes may not be perceptible to the consumer until after the point of sale. An analysis is also presented of the conflict between the right of the trade mark owner to use, e.g., a colour mark, and the public interest in leaving free certain signs for everyone to use.In order to define the subject of protection, a trade mark application must include a graphic representation of the mark for which registration is sought. As a consequence of the interpretation by the European Court of Justice, the requirement of graphic representation today effectively blocks certain types of marks from being registered. It is suggested that the technical development now may motivate a generalization of the requirement, to include also other methods of representation.
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| 29. |
- Nelson, Maria
(författare)
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Utflyttning av aktiebolag : en analys i ljuset av den internationella skatterätten och EU-rätten
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I avhandlingen analyseras skattekonsekvenserna för utflyttande aktiebolag. Studien bygger på svensk skatterätt, skatteavtalsrätt och EU-skatterätt men även på internationella jämförelser och tysk och brittisk praxis om hemvist. Med hjälp av bla utländsk doktrin om utflyttningsbeskattning av fysiska personer analyseras huruvida utflyttningsbeskattning av aktiebolag är förenlig med skatteavtalsrätten. Bland andra artiklarna 1-7, 15 och 21 OECD:s modellavtal analyseras. Svenska och utländska skatteavtal används i exemplifierande syfte i analysen. OECD:s modellavtal med tillhörande kommentar i dess olika versioner analyseras bla i syfte att begreppsbestämma vad en person med hemvist är. Beaktandet av olika versioner av modellavtalet gör att studien kan tillämpas även på skatteavtal ingångna före 2010 års modellavtal. Rättspraxis om utflyttning av aktiebolag är ytterst begränsad. Regeringsrätten har i princip bedömt rättsfrågan enbart i ett mål medan EU-domstolen överhuvudtaget inte bedömt den. Däremot har EU-domstolen avkunnat flera domar som behandlar utflyttningsbeskattning av fysiska personer. En central fråga är därför om vägledning kan sökas i dessa domar för bedömningen av om utflyttningsbeskattningen är förenlig med EU-rätten. En annan är innebörden av C-81/87 Daily Mail. Andra frågor av intresse är om EU-domstolens allmänna praxis på företagsbeskattningens område kan tillämpas när det är fråga om utflyttning, vilken dess innebörd i sådana fall är i förhållande till utflyttningssituationen och vilka tolkningar som kan göras av de domar om aktiebolags etableringsfrihet som inte behandlar skatterätt. Är utflyttningsbeskattning förenlig med skatteavtals- och EU-rätten? Gör den nya anståndsregleringen den förenlig med skatteavtals- och EU-rätten? Vad innebär uttrycken platsen för den verkliga ledningen och hemvist? Vilket är EU-rättens förhållande till skatteavtalen?
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| 30. |
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