| 7721. |
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| 7722. |
- Medzmariashvili, Megi
(författare)
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Regulating European Standardisation through Law : The Interplay between Harmonised European Standards and EU Law
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Standardisation is one of the oldest human activities. Industrial revolution and electro-technical advancements have further increased the importance of standardisation. Nowadays standards regulate our daily life not only through the products and services we use, but also directly as laws. In the EU, Harmonised European Standards (HESs) are used in legislation—occupying the law’s domain—but at the same time, the HESs are not produced through the same manner as laws—i.e. by democratically elected individuals. This thesis investigates the legal status of these technical rules under EU law and whether and how EU law can regulate and hold European standardisation accountable by means of judicial review. In answering these questions, I admit that there are different visions of how the HESs used in EU legislation can be seen, which influences how we regulate and hold accountable European standardisation. Notwithstanding these differences, one thing is clear: if we accept that the HESs play an important role in regulating health, safety, and the environment, and at the same time are not produced by democratically elected individuals, then the least the law can do is to regulate and ensure the legal accountability to perfect the standardisation process, to make it more accountable and ‘public-regarding.’ In exploring these issues, I propose conceiving of the EU law as a ‘gentle civiliser’ for the standardisation process. In particular, I argue that the EU economic law could be a backdoor through which constitutional principles of good governance reach and regulate the European standardisation system. To do so, the judicial review of the European standardisation system at the EU level should be a process oriented as to trigger a more inclusive, open, and transparent standardisation process; in other words, judicial review should be a catalyst for a ‘public-regarding’ standardisation.
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| 7723. |
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| 7724. |
- Medzmariashvili, Megi, et al.
(författare)
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Standards: Inhospitable Terrain for Innovation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2014 ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference : Living in a converged world - Impossible without standards? - Living in a converged world - Impossible without standards?. - 9781479925599
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 7725. |
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| 7726. |
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| 7727. |
- Melander Hagborg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Prosecution Rate and Quality of the Investigative Interview in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759. ; 9:2, s. 161-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One suggested reason for the low prosecution rate in child sexual abuse cases is the poor quality of the interviews. The present study examined the extent to which a number of aspects of interview quality were used by interviewers at a Children's Advocacy Centre in Sweden. Furthermore, the relationship between aspects of interview quality and the prosecution rate was examined. Transcripts of investigative interviews with 3-year-old to 16-year-old children who all reported on sexual abuse were assessed (n?=?32). There were no effects found concerning the relationship between prosecution rate on the one hand, and interview quality, age, and the child's relationship with the suspected offender on the other. The interviews with older children were, on several aspects, scored as higher in quality. The relationships between these findings and child sexual abuse investigations and interviews are discussed. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 7728. |
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| 7729. |
- Mellgren, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. - : Sage Publications. - 0886-2605 .- 1552-6518. ; 36:3-4, s. NP1512-1536NP
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hate crimes have been found to have more severe consequences than other parallel crimes that were not motivated by the offenders’ hostility toward someone because of their real or perceived difference. Many countries today have hate crime laws that make it possible to increase the penalties for such crimes. The main critique against hate crime laws is that they punish thoughts. Instead, proponents of hate crime laws argue that sentence enhancement is justified because hate crimes cause greater harm. This study compares consequences of victimization across groups of victims to test for whom hate crimes hurt more. We analyzed data that were collected through questionnaires distributed to almost 3,000 students at Malmö University, Sweden, during 2013. The survey focused on students’ exposure to, and experiences of, hate crime. A series of separate logistic regression analyses were performed, which analyzed the likelihood for reporting consequences following a crime depending on crime type, perceived motive, repeat victimization, gender, and age. Analyzed as one victim group, victims of hate crime more often reported any of the consequences following a crime compared with victims of parallel non–hate-motivated crimes. And, overall victims of threat more often reported consequences compared with victims of sexual harassment and minor assault. However, all hate crime victim groups did not report more consequences than the non–hate crime victim group. The results provide grounds for questioning that hate crimes hurt the individual victim more. It seems that hate crimes do not hurt all more but hate crimes hurt some victims of some crimes more in some ways.
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| 7730. |
- Mellgren, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Neighbourhood disorder and worry about criminal victimization in the neighbourhood
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Review of Victimology. - : Abramis Academic Publishing. - 0269-7580 .- 2047-9433. ; 17:3, s. 291-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tested a cross-level integrated model of neighbourhood level disorder and individual level vulnerability, in relation to explaining individual differences in worry about criminal victimization1. The aim of the present study is (1) to establish if there is unique neighbourhood level variation in worry about criminal victimization, independent of neighbourhood composition, and(2) to establish the extent to which two proposed mechanisms at the individual level, prior local victimization and perceived disorder, act as mediators of a hypothesised effect of neighbourhood level disorder. Given the hierarchical structure of the research question a series of multilevel analyses based on data from a survey of more than 4,000 residents of a Swedish urban are a was performed. Findings by and large indicate that there are significant neighbourhood level differences in worry about criminal victimization and that these differences are not completely due to compositional effects. Neighbourhood disorder has effects on worry about criminal victimization, independent of the composition of neighbourhoods. The present study suggests that neighbourhood disorder has consequences for worry about criminal victimization and that prior victimization and perceived disorder are key mediators of the contextual effect of neighbourhood disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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