| 10491. |
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| 10492. |
- Ottelin, Juudit, et al.
(författare)
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Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9318 .- 1748-9326. ; 14:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanisation increases household carbon footprints in developing economies. However, the results from developed countries have varied, particularly in Europe. This study provides a coherent comparison of the impact of the degree of urbanisation on income, expenditure and carbon footprints in Europe. On average, carbon footprints are 7% lower in cities than in rural areas when income and household characteristics are controlled. However, this is compensated by the 6% higher average income in cities. The patterns are not uniform in all countries. In Eastern Europe, the pattern is similar to other developing regions. In some Western European countries, both the income level and the carbon footprints are lower in urban areas than in rural areas. In the rest of Europe, the differences in income level between rural and urban areas are small, but they still largely compensate for the efficiency benefits of urban areas. We call for more systemic emissions accounting and climate strategies.
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| 10493. |
- Otto, Friederike E L, et al.
(författare)
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Toward an Inventory of the Impacts of Human-Induced Climate Change
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007. ; 101:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current levels of global warming (Haustein et al. 2017) have already intensified heat waves, droughts, and floods, with many recent events exhibiting evidence of being exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change (e.g., Herring et al. 2016, 2018). Recent improvements in understanding demonstrate that half a degree of additional warming will have further severe impacts (Masson-Delmotte et al. 2018). In the context of this rapid and damaging change, there is a clear need to quantify and address both the losses and damages from impacts we have not adapted to today, as well as to adapt to those that will emerge in the next few decades. To do this, it is essential to understand the impacts of man-made climate change on the scales that climate adaptation decisions are made. Drivers of disasters, ultimately responsible for much loss and damage, are unfolding in an ever-changing socioeconomic context, which also alters exposure and vulnerability. While various case studies exist (discussed below), there is to date no comprehensive or comparable database quantifying anthropogenic contributions to climate change loss and damage. We suggest that this needs to change.
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| 10494. |
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| 10495. |
- Oudin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of residential mobility on exposure assessment in longitudinal air pollution studies : A sensitivity analysis within the ESCAPE project
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scientific World Journal. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1537-744X. ; 2012, s. 125818-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure misclassification in longitudinal studies of air pollution exposure and health effects can occur due to residential mobility in a study population over follow-up. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent residential mobility during follow-up can be expected to cause exposure misclassification in such studies, where exposure at the baseline address is used as the main exposure assessment. The addresses for each participant in a large population-based study (N>25,000) were obtained via national registers. We used a Land Use Regression model to estimate the NOx-concentration for each participant’s all addresses during the entire follow up period (in average 14.6 years) and calculated an average concentration during follow up. The Land Use Regression model explained 83% of the variation in measured levels. In summary, the NOx concentration at the inclusion address was similar to the average concentration over follow-up with a correlation coefficient of 0.80, indicating that air pollution concentration at study inclusion address could be used as indicator of average air pollution concentrations over follow-up. The differences between an individual´s inclusion and average follow-up mean concentration was small, and seemed to be non-differential with respects to a large range of factors and disease statuses, implying that bias due to residential mobility was small.
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| 10496. |
- Oulu, Martin
(författare)
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Core tenets of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Ecology. - 1073-0451. ; 23:1, s. 446-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, core tenets and claims of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) are synthesized. EUE theory postulates a net flow of natural resources from peripheral developing to core industrialized countries through international trade, a situation which undermines the development of the periphery while enhancing that of the core. The key claims and EUE mechanisms are categorized and discussed under three topics: 1) the structure of the capitalist world-economy, 2) monetary valuation, and 3) equity and justice. The treadmill logic of capitalism in which capital extracts ecological resources and release waste in an endless pursuit of profits creates an expansionary dynamic which draws peripheral countries into exploitative market relations. This peripheralization is supported by 'free trade' economic policies, while nation-states and other political-economic institutions such as the WTO and IMF provide the regulations which ensure proper functioning of the system. Monetary valuation caps it by obscuring the inverse relationship between thermodynamics and economics, in which low-entropy energy and materials indispensable in economic production processes are lowly priced while processed goods which have dissipated most of their matter-energy are highly priced, ensuring that biophysical resources and profits accumulates in the industrialized Northern countries. This EUE framework is applied to the EU's Raw Materials Initiative from the vantage point of policy as implicit theory. By challenging mainstream policies and their underlying theories, the EUE perspective demonstrates that alternatives to neoliberal policy prescriptions exist and policy can play a crucial role in bringing about the necessary structural changes.
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| 10497. |
- Owusu Sekyere, Enoch
(författare)
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Impact of Agricultural Drought Resilience on the Welfare of Smallholder Livestock Farming Households in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recurring agricultural droughts are of concern to smallholder livestock farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study determined the impact of agricultural drought resilience on smallholder livestock farming households' welfare in the Frances Baard District Municipality (FBDM), in Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Interviews, more specifically survey interviews, were conducted with 207 smallholder livestock farmers. We used compensation variation, resilience index and linear regression models to analyse the data. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers who received drought relief support saw an improvement in their welfare. However, the welfare improvements varied across respondents and different gender categories, with males having higher welfare improvements relative to females. The study also found that economic capital, social capital, human capital and natural capital substantially affected the welfare of smallholder farmers. Furthermore, the study revealed that the smallholder farmers had a moderate agricultural drought resilience index, but low natural resilience capital. The study recommends that governments and non-governmental policymakers aiming to improve the welfare of smallholder farmers should focus on building their economic, social, human and capital resource bases. In this way, the smallholder farmers will be resilient in a time of climatic shock.
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| 10498. |
- Ozgunes, Meric, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency renovation impact and challenges in Greece
- 2022
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this report we look at the architecture of energy upscaling programmes in Greece to date and see whether there are any safety nets embedded in them that can disincentivise or prevent rent spikes and rent increases as a result of renovation investments. The aim is to underline the shortcomings of the Greek NRRP in bridging climate neutrality with housing cost neutrality. The underlying hypothesis, as will be argued, is that the coordinates set by and found in the Greek proposal, marked by an emphasis on energy efficiency without due consideration of social impact, and not factoring, in the design, regulationand control against potential spikes in housing costs, jeopardize the set of principles listed by the RWS, at the risk of the Greek NRRP becoming a facilitator of predatory housing commodification, contributing to exacerbated tenure inequality and housing financialization. We therefore assume, based on studies showing that energy efficiency measures add higher priced housing to the market and lead to a decreaseof affordable housing for low-income households in any given city, that in the absence of rent controls, regulations and embedded measures in programmes to limit the social risk from the price impact of renovations there is reasonable certainty that large-scale renovations of the residential housing stock can lead to at the least deepening of social divisions and more likely to a sharpening of housing exclusion, a decline in living conditions and a serious risk of formal and primarily informal evictions. The report tries to answer the following key questions: What are the specificities of the Greek housing model and its trajectory that need to be taken into account so that the Renovation Wave will not simply lead to a Renoviction Wave? What kind of interventions and changes should be made to make the Greek NRRP a tool bridging the two principles of creating energy efficient and affordable housing?
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| 10499. |
- Pain, Adam
(författare)
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Entangled lives: drug assemblages in Afghanistan's Badakhshan
- 2021
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Ingår i: Third World Quarterly. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0143-6597 .- 1360-2241. ; 43, s. 2654-2673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article, focussing on Badakhshan province in north-east Afghanistan, explores the lifeworld of drugs and their entangled connections with people, places and things. It follows the journeys of drugs from the farmers' fields, through their various stages of transportation, storage and transformation, until they arrive at the border with Tajikistan. The paper draws upon the notion of a 'drugs assemblage' - the interweaving of plants, institutions, actors, processes and resources through which drug journeys are managed and facilitated. Drugs are embedded in a web of social relations that connect farmers, labourers, shopkeepers, smugglers, brokers and border guards. Opium is central to the production of a Braudelian geography, fragmented yet connected, of trading routes, enclaves, choke points and border crossings. Drugs have played a role in transforming the 'disturbed' landscape of this remote borderland region, into a centre of innovation and improvisation, in which alienation and precarity co-exist alongside accumulation and the pursuit of 'freedom'.
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| 10500. |
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