| 2351. |
- Kayal, Bassam, et al.
(författare)
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An economic index for measuring firm's circularity : The case of water industry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 21, s. 123-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transition toward circular-economy model is a must to sustain the planet sources. Under circular economy model wastewater is transformed from a ste into a resource. Therefore, a comprehensive circular economy dex; the Circonomics Index, is proposed to measure circularity of stewater industry. The component indicators of the index are linked rectly to the three Rs; reduce, reuse and recycle, of circular onomy. The novelty of the proposed Index is that it uses objectively nstructed weights that reflect the environmental benefits of the eatment process, and the index captures the reuse and recycling ficiency of an WWTP, which reflect the specific nature of wastewater. e findings show that treatment technology is a major factor in termining the production efficiency, reuse rate and recycling rformance of a WWTP. The results of using the Circonomics Index have ofound implication for policy makers to speed up the process of moving a circular economy.
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| 2352. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2353. |
- Kennedy, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:19, s. 7297-7302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The world's population is now over 50% urban, and cities make an important contribution to national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many cities are developing strategies to reduce their emissions. Here we ask how and why emissions differ between cities. Our study often global cities shows how a balance of geophysical factors (climate, access to resources, and gateway status) and technical factors (power generation, urban design, and waste processing) determine the GHGs attributable to cities. Within the overall trends, however, there are differences between cities with more or less public transit while personal income also impacts heating and industrial fuel use. By including upstream emissions from fuels, GHG emissions attributable to cities exceed those from direct end use by up to 25%. Our findings should help foster intercity learning on reducing GHG emissions.
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| 2354. |
- Kennedy, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 38:9, s. 4828-4837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the methodology and data used to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to ten cities or city-regions: Los Angeles County, Denver City and County, Greater Toronto, New York City, Greater London, Geneva Canton, Greater Prague, Barcelona, Cape Town and Bangkok. Equations for determining emissions are developed for contributions from: electricity; heating and industrial fuels; ground transportation fuels; air and marine fuels; industrial processes; and waste. Gasoline consumption is estimated using three approaches: from local fuel sales; by scaling from regional fuel sales; and from counts of vehicle kilometres travelled. A simplified version of an intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) method for estimating the GHG emissions from landfill waste is applied. Three measures of overall emissions are suggested: (i) actual emissions within the boundary of the city; (ii) single process emissions (from a life-cycle perspective) associated with the city's metabolism; and (iii) life-cycle emissions associated with the city's metabolism. The results and analysis of the study will be published in a second paper.
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| 2355. |
- Kenway, S. J., et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities and challenges of tackling Scope 3 “Indirect” emissions from residential hot water
- 2023
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Ingår i: Water Research X. - 2589-9147. ; 21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The water sector could play a major role towards a Net Zero greenhouse gas (GHG) future if Scope 3 emissions were embraced and operationalised. Significant opportunities and challenges exist in tackling Scope 3 emissions including those associated with customer hot water use. Present GHG emission reduction practices predominantly focus on Scope 1 “within utility” and Scope 2 “purchased energy” emissions. In the urban water cycle, Scope 3 “indirect” emissions dominate, and water use is only one example of Scope 3 emissions. Over 90% of all water cycle GHG emissions can be attributed to water use in residential, industrial and commercial premises, collectively some 7% of global GHG emissions. One possibility is for water utilities to actively support efficient hot water use such as new ultra-low flow shower heads. Scope 3 opportunities also offer a range of cost-effective emissions-reduction opportunities, particularly when the wider perspective of “community value” is considered and not just a “business financial perspective”. Hot water efficiency is additionally essential to Net Zero carbon futures, even with decarbonised grids, because most major Net Zero roadmaps require energy efficiency gains. Scientific and management advance needed includes: accounting methodologies, clear roles, collaboration, new business models, and clear definitions. The water sector has the opportunity to play a significant role in achieving Net Zero cities. The decision how much is yet to be made.
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| 2356. |
- Kerres, Bertrand, et al.
(författare)
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Economic evaluation of maintenance strategies for wind turbines : a stochastic analysis
- 2015
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Ingår i: IET Renewable Power Generation. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. - 1752-1416 .- 1752-1424. ; 9:7, s. 766-774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors develop a stochastic model for assessing the life-cycle cost and availability of wind turbinesresulting from different maintenance scenarios, with the objective to identify the most cost-effective maintenancestrategy. Using field-data-based reliability models, the wind turbine – in terms of reliability – is modelled as a serialconnection of the most critical components. Both direct cost for spare parts, labour and access to the turbine, as wellas indirect cost from production losses are explicitly taken into account. The model is applied to the case of a VestasV44–600 kW wind turbine. Results of a reliability-centred maintenance analysis of this wind turbine are used to selectthe most critical wind turbine components and to identify possible maintenance scenarios. This study reveals thatcorrective maintenance is the most cost-effective maintenance strategy for the gearbox and the generator of the V44turbine, while the cost benefit of condition-based maintenance using online condition-monitoring systems increaseswith higher electricity price, turbine capacity and remoteness of sites.
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| 2357. |
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| 2358. |
- Kerzenmacher, T., et al.
(författare)
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Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 8:19, s. 5801--5841-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGE III, POAM III, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACE-FTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.
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| 2359. |
- Kharazmi, Parastou, 1977-
(författare)
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Durability Evaluation of Reinforced Glass-Flake Polyester Material Used in Rehabilitation of Sewer Lines in Buildings-Dataset
- 2019
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Annan publikationabstract
- This dataset includes original data to support parts of research findings stated in the article: ”Durability evaluation of reinforced glass-flake polyester material used in rehabilitation of sewer lines in buildings”. Currently, different materials and methods are in use in alternative rehabilitations technologies for sewer renewal. This work was conducted to study one of these materials, which is a glass -flake reinforced polyester polymeric system, during artificial aging to provide a better understanding of the material’s performance under operating conditions when it is regularly exposed to degrading factors such as high temperature and water. Changes in the material during aging were monitored by conducting different tests, including thermal and mechanical analysis, water absorption and microscopy.
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| 2360. |
- Kharazmi, Parastou, 1977-
(författare)
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Effect of heat and water aging on the durability of rubber-epoxy lining used for rehabilitation of sewer infrastructure
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One rehabilitation method used mainly for wastewater sewers in residential buildings involves applying a rubber-epoxy composite to the inner surface of the aged pipeline. In order to understand the material’s performance and stability in operation, during which it is constantly exposed to deteriorative factors, the properties of the material were studied in the laboratory under artificial water and air aging conditions. Changes in the material were monitored by means of tests such as thermal analyses, mechanical testing and water absorption assessment.
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