| 62741. |
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| 62742. |
- Swantesson, Jan O.H. 1952-
(författare)
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Weathering and Erosion of Rock Carvings in Sweden during the Period 1994-2003 : Micro Mapping with Laser Scanner for Assessment of Breakdown Rates
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research report describes a 10-year long monitoring project for assessments of recent downwearing rates on rock carvings in southern and central Sweden. The investigations have been made by repeated measurements on the same sites with a laser scanner, especially constructed for the purpose. The scanner records the microtopography of rock surfaces with a resolution of 0.025 mm. From the field data accurate micro maps of areas up to 40x40 cm can be made. Deterioration rates are calculated by computerised comparisons of micro maps from consecutive measurements. A total number of 26 sites have been followed from 1994 to 2003. There are large variations in downwearing rates between the investigated places. Averages are, however, similar to those that can be expected from crystalline rocks in general in Scandinavia. It has also been revealed that the micro weathering is episodic. This means that periods with fast breakdown alternate with periods when almost nothing happens. Furthermore the spatial variation within the laser scanned areas of where downwearing takes place could be studied. Usually deterioration at times only takes place on limited spots while most of the micro mapped area is left unaffected. After material losses have taken place from these spots weathering continues at other places.
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| 62743. |
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| 62744. |
- Swartling, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Förstudie om FMV:s roll i försvarets beställningsprocess
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En förstudie har genomförts av KTH i samarbete med Linköpings Universitet och FMV inom ramen för det MSI-uppdrag som finns i FoT6. Syftet har varit att med fokus på FMV analysera hur försvarets beställningsprocess (det generella flödet, inte en formellt definierad process) ser ut, vem som agerar beställare samt hur och vilken roll han/hon har samt var och hur MSI-arbete sker. 27 personer har intervjuats på FMV, Försvarsmakten, Luftfartsverket och industriföretag samt att ett flertal dokument som relaterar till försvarets beställningsprocess har analyserats.
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| 62745. |
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| 62746. |
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| 62747. |
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SWECO VIAK Rapport 2008 Kombinationseffekter av föroreningar
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I de allra flesta miljöer, med undantag för de laboratoriekosmos där toxicitetstester utförs, förekommer toxiska kemikalier tillsammans med andra, mer eller mindre toxiska kemikalier, och tillsammans med andra stressfaktorer, såsom patogener och predatorer. Frågan om det gör någon skillnad för den organism, som exponeras för en toxisk kemikalie, att den samtidigt exponeras för andra toxiska kemikalier väcktes på allvar i slutet av 1970-talet, och tester med i huvudsak binära blandningar visade att annat än kombinationseffekter var svårfunna undantag. Det stod emellertid klart att det finns åtminstone praktiska hinder för att testa toxiciteten för alla tänkbara kombinationer av kemikalier – en utvärdering av t.ex. alla kombinationer av 10 ämnen skulle kräva minst 1000 tester. I stället har forskare utvecklat olika beräkningsmodeller för toxiciteten av kombinationer av kemikalier.Den här rapporten redovisar de vanligaste modellerna för att klassificera och beräkna toxiciteten av kemikalieblandningar, vilka antaganden modellerna bygger på, vilka styrkor och svagheter de har. Till dessa modeller räknas sådana som utgår från att a) kemikalierna är funktionellt oberoende, eller att de b) har samma verkningsmekanism, påverkar samma struktur eller funktion, eller har likartad kemisk struktur, eller att de c) interagerar med varandra genom synergier eller antagonism. Fysiologiskt baserade farmakokinetiska (PBPK) modeller är ett annat verktyg för att beskriva omsättning och toxiska mekanismer för kemikalier i blandningar. Även modeller som bygger på kvantitativa relationer mellan kemisk struktur och toxisk effekt (QSAR) har utvecklats för att förutsäga toxiciteten av en blandning vars komponenter man känner och kan representera med översiktliga kemiska egenskaper, såsom hydrofobicitet. I omfattande litteraturgenomgångar har man funnit att 75-80 % av binära, tertiära och kvartära blandningar har koncentrationsadditiva egenskaper, vilket innebär att deras bidrag till blandningens toxicitet står i proportion till deras koncentration.Om blandningarna är komplexa och innehåller många okända ämnen från t.ex. avgaser och avlopp föreslår rapporten ett antal strategier. Den enklaste är att testa hela blandningens toxicitet vid olika koncentrationer, men ibland är det omöjligt för att den innehåller en eller flera starkt toxiska komponenter. Man kan fraktionera blandningen i olika steg, kombinera fraktioner och testa toxiciteten av fraktionerna, man kan försöka identifiera de 10 mest riskabla komponenterna i blandningen, testa deras samlade toxicitet och anta att den är representativ för hela blandningen, och man kan kombinera kemisk identifikation med multivariat effektanalys.Eftersom det finns ett kolossalt stort antal kemiska blandningar i miljön är det viktigt att utveckla kriterier för att prioritera de blandningar som är viktigast att analysera och bedöma. Rapporten ger exempel på sådana blandningar, som har likartade komponenter, sådana som har definierad och förutsägbar sammansättning, och sådana som uppträder tillfälligt.Olika index används för att sammanfatta risken för att en kemikalieblandning har en toxicitet som inte anses acceptabel. Index utgår från att man beräknar kvoten mellan exponeringsnivån för en komponent och den koncentration som anses som ett officiellt och säkert gränsvärde eller den koncentration som i ett experiment svarar mot ett visst lågt percentilvärde för en lägsta effekt av kemikalien. Kvoterna för de olika komponenterna adderas, och risken definieras som en sannolikhet att den summerade kvoten överstiger ett visst värde. Till sådana index räknas FI (faroindex), PODI (point of departure), MOE (margins of exposure) och TEF (toxic equivalency factor). Index är ett rationellt och transparent sätt att sammanfatta en mängd data om kemikalieblandningar men representerar samtidigt bara en punktskattning av ett dos-effektsamband och tar ingen hänsyn till den osäkerhet som finns i primärdata. Vissa index använder dessutom effektvärden för komponenterna som är dekorerade med en officiell säkerhetsfaktor, som döljer den verkliga osäkerheten och som blåser upp blandningens riskosäkerhet till orimliga proportioner.I några avsnitt av rapporten redovisas vilka rekommendationer en del internationella och nationella organisationer och myndigheter ger för beräkning och bedömning av toxicitet och risker med kemikalieblandningar. Det är uppenbart att metodutveckling inom området tillhör prioriterade ärenden inom flera länder och organisationer.Avslutningsvis rekommenderar rapporten den som ska bedöma toxiska risker med kemikalieblandningar att följa ett analysschema som bifogas i bilagor med olika upplösningsgrad. Analysschemat guidar bedömaren genom de olika steg och beräkningsmodeller som kan appliceras beroende på hur väl man känner sammansättningen av blandningen.Rapporten lägger också fram ett förslag till handlingsplan för Naturvårdsverkets hantering av kemikalieblandningars toxicitet. Vi rekommenderar primärt verket att verka för att alla kemikaliebedömningar görs med utgångspunkt från att en kemikalie ingår som en komponent i en blandning och att det är blandningens toxicitet som ska beräknas i första hand och inte den enskilda komponentens. Vidare rekommenderar vi verket att ordna utbildning och träning i riskbedömning av kemikalieblandningar, att formalisera en stödjande expertgrupp för komplicerade bedömningar, att låta utarbeta en manual och handledning förbedömning av blandningseffekter, att ge forskarsamhället i uppdrag att modernisera och kvalificera riskanalysmetoder för kemikalieblandningar och att låta göra detaljanalyser av kombinationseffekter av grupper av strukturellt heterogena kemikalier, t.ex. läkemedelssubstanser.
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| 62748. |
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Sweden and the Convention onBiological Diversity : Summary of Sweden’s third National Report to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1993, andhas on three occasions reported on the national status of implementation ofthe convention. The third National Report was submitted in 2005. It wasprepared by the Swedish Biodiversity Centre and finalised by the SwedishEnvironmental Protection Agency, after wide consultations with national andlocal authorities, non-governmental organisations and the scientific community. The present publication aims to summarise Sweden’s third NationalReport and to make its main findings accessible to a wide audience, includingthose involved in the consultation as well as the general public. The preparation of the summary has involved those same actors that produced the reportitself. The Swedish Parliament has decided to integrate its biodiversity strategiesand action plans into the framework of the 16 environmental quality objectives, which were adopted in 1999 and revised most lately in 2005. TheNational Report gives an overview of how the content of the 16 objectivescorresponds to the articles and work programmes of the CBD. One mainfinding is that the Swedish environmental quality objectives cover most of thenational aspects of the CBD, while the international aspects and obligationsare treated in other, more specific policy documents.The main messages of the report are summarised in Figure 3, where thearticles of the CBD are ranked according to how severe obstacles their implementation faces in Sweden. The degree of implementation of the decisionstaken by the Conference of the Parties on the different articles is tentativelysummarised on a scale ranging from 1 (crucial deficiencies) to 3 (no seriousdeficiencies). In summary, some articles (5, 6, 12, 17 and 20) were found tobe satisfactorily implemented, while others (Articles 8(h) and 15) were foundto have crucial deficiencies in their degree of implementation. Lack of mainstreaming of biodiversity into other sectors, as well as conflicts of interest,were found to be prominent obstacles preventing the full implementation ofthese articles. In some cases (such as for Articles 10, 11 and 14) the implementation of decisions has come a long way in spite of difficult obstacles. Inother cases (most notably Articles 13 and 18) it appeared that no obstaclescould be identified that could explain their lack of full implementation. Thereport did not, however, analyse these cases in any depth.During the preparation of the report, many consultees reported their frustration with the language of the questionnaire, as well as with the large number of partly overlapping questions. The fact that most actors and stakeholders were unfamiliar with the language and decisions of the Conference of theParties to the CBD made it clear that Sweden’s ambitions in the global political process to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity have not beenwell enough communicated within the country itself.
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| 62749. |
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Sweden´s 30 National Parks
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- National park is the highest distinction a nature area can receive. Sweden's national parks comprise a magnificent mosaic of different landscape types – from the leafy beech forests of Söderåsen to Sarek's grandiose alpine world. From the teeming coral reef of Kosterhavet to the undulating sand dunes of Gotska Sandön and Tiveden's bewitching forests.As early as 1909 Sweden established its first nine national parks, which also were the first in Europe. Now, just over 100 years later, there are 30 of them. They are among the natural endowments most worth protecting, our natural heritage that we and future generations can enjoy and marvel at. Many of the national parks have visitor centres and easy walking trails. You have a standing invitation, at any time year-round. Welcome!
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| 62750. |
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Sweden´s Commitment under the Baltic Sea Action Plan : Socio-economic inpact assessment
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environment ministers of the Baltic Sea Countries and the European Commission in November 2007, under HELCOM, adopted a joint action plan, the Baltic Sea Action Plan. The plan applies to the Baltic Proper, the Sound and the Kattegatt. The aim of the plan is to achieve good environmental status by 2021. The assignment to draw up a proposal for Sweden’s national action plan was given to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in 2008. It has been implemented in cooperation with the Swedish Board of Agriculture and other affected agencies. The proposed national action plan is presented in “Sweden's commitment under the Baltic Sea Action Plan – proposal for a national action plan (Swedish EPA Report 5985). The assignment also included producing socio-economic impact assessments firstly of the plan in itself and secondly of individual measures. The impact assessments are collated in this report. Only the costs have been estimated for most measures (contained in the draft national plan) as they have not been judged to have any socio-economic consequences. The cost of the measures has been calculated in the overall assessment of implementing the proposed national action plan as totalling around SEK 2-2.5 billion per year over the next 20 years. Measures taken in an attempt to meet the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements to reduce eutrophication account for almost the whole of this cost. Several more billion Swedish kronor will be needed for the whole of the eutrophication requirement to be met. The costs of fulfilling the commitments in the other areas remain at just over SEK 200 million a year up to at least 2013, most of this sum being accounted for by the measures to safeguard biodiversity and to adapt fisheries to sustainability. The choice of instruments will affect both who is to bear the costs relating to individual measures and the final cost. Implementation of the majority of the measures, principally in the eutrophication segment, contributes to fulfilling other objectives or regulations, and the cost of implementing the measures therefore ought actually to be shared between these and not solely be borne by the Baltic Sea Action Plan. The reductions in load and costs reported are based in most cases on assumptions, and there are large underlying uncertainties, so that these figures should only be viewed as a pointer. An average cost of reduction (calculated with 4% interest and technical lifetime) has been calculated for the vast majority of the measures, making it possible to relate the measures to one another. The cost of reduction for a measure varies, however, depending on where the measure is implemented. The effect and annual cost presented assume that the full potential of the indicated measure is utilised, so that the costs are overestimated, partly because not all measures have to be implemented in the Baltic Proper and the Sound, but also because the measures targeted at phosphorus in the agricultural sector are implemented in all marine basins and not just in the Baltic Proper. The high cost to public finances is in the payments made through the rural development programme to implement various measures in the agricultural sector. However, half this funding comes from the EU. Public finances will also incur increased costs in reviewing existing permits and supervising municipal sewage treatment plants and industrial plants, while municipalities incur increased costs in the supervision of onsite wastewater treatment of single-family homes. Should any of these measures also include some kind of compensation, this cost has to be borne by public finances. The proposed and potential measures together with the effect that can be credited mean a reduction in load of almost 1 700 tonnes in the Sound at a cost of just over SEK 100 million/year. The nitrogen requirement for the Sound is 1 100 tonnes, which means that there is a surplus of almost 600 tonnes. In the Kattegatt the measures mean a total reduction in load of approximately 6 200 tonnes of nitrogen at an annual cost of just over SEK 600 million. This means that measures are required for a further reduction of 3 700 tonnes of nitrogen before the requirement of 9 800 tonnes of nitrogen can be met. For the Baltic Proper, the measures presented signify a total reduction in nitrogen of just over 7 600 tonnes at an annual cost of SEK 840 million. With a requirement of 5 800 tonnes of nitrogen, this means a surplus of almost 1 800 tonnes N. The measures to reduce the phosphorus load signify a total reduction of 170 tonnes of phosphorus at a cost of SEK 560 million/year. Reductions of a further just over 100 tonnes of phosphorus are therefore neded to fulfil the requirement of 280 tonnes. The proposed measures in the area of biodiversity on average cost just over SEK 150 million a year for a little more than five years ahead. The effect of the measures on industries other than fisheries is not considered to lead to any major socio-economic costs. Almost half the costs are principally concerned with over-establishment in the fishing industry and the need for fishing effort regulation. It has proved difficult, not least politically, to find instruments that lead to the right measures being taken in both an efficient and cost-effective manner. The measures are disadvantageous to the fishing industry during the period but advantageous in the longer term, as excess capacity is part of the problem. On the other hand, some of the measures signify support for the fishing industry, as public finances are expected to assist the industry in becoming sustainable. There may be additional costs, for example for compensation for encroachment or purchase of land with associated water to establish some form of protection or to restore certain habitats. Restoration work may be expensive and may amount to several hundred million kronor. Most of the measures to deal with the management of hazardous substances relating to the Baltic Sea are of an administrative nature. Sweden has already fulfilled the requirements of the BSAP plan in most cases. The measures in the area of shipping, to at least as great an extent as the measures to tackle hazardous substances, are of an administrative nature. Any decisions to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides will result in costs to the shipping industry, but how high these costs will be depends both on what is decided internationally or nationally and on how the instruments are designed. In view of the fact that central government already supports the shipping industry, public finances may be affected by the choice and design of instruments. Like international aviation, international shipping is in many ways favoured in comparison with other modes of transport. With increasing discussions on how cargo can be carried with as little environmental impact as possible, the shipping industry is unlikely to become less competitive in the future, even if environmental requirements are tightened. No attempts have been made to value the benefit of the commitments in the national action plan being implemented. As usual, benefit is more difficult to calculate in monetary terms than costs. The value of the many services provided by the seas in all probability far exceeds the costs of preserving them.
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