| 131. |
- Häggqvist, Henric, 1981-
(författare)
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On the Ocean of Protectionism : The Structure of Swedish Tariffs and Trade 1780–1830
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period.This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution.The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.
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| 132. |
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I främmande hamn : den svenska och svensk-norska konsulstjänsten, 1700–1985
- 2015
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det svenska konsulatväsendet har en nästan 350 år gammal historia. Sedan mitten av 1600-talet har svenska konsuler placerats i viktiga hamnstäder där de bistod sjömän och köpmän. Konsulerna utgjorde en viktig del av Sveriges utrikesrepresentation. Den stora utrikespolitiken hamnade inte på deras arbetsbord. Istället tog de hand om strandsatta eller sjuka sjömän, sökte lämpliga returlaster och rapporterade hem till Stockholm om det politiska läget, potentiella marknader för svenska varor eller hälsotillståndet i hamnen där de var stationerade. Kopplingen mellan konsulatväsendet och den maritima sektorn under tiden 1700–1985 är uppenbar. Boken I främmande hamn belyser de svenska konsulernas långa historia utifrån tre perspektiv. Det första visar konsulernas ekonomiska betydelse: under 1700- och 1800-talen spelade konsuler en viktig roll för att främja svensk sjöfart och utrikeshandel, inte minst i Sydeuropa och i den atlantiska världen. Det andra lyfter fram konsulernas diplomatiska roll i områden där Sverige saknade egentlig utrikesrepresentation: i Nordafrika under 1700-talet samt i europeiska kolonier och Kina under 1800-talet. Det tredje belyses främst genom bidrag från 1800- och 1900-talen och visar hur konsuler i samarbete med Sjömanskyrkan och andra institutioner verkade för de svenska sjömännens välfärd.
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| 133. |
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| 134. |
- Jonsson, Patrick, 1967-
(författare)
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Handelsfrihetens vänner och förbuden : identitet och politisk kommunikation i svensk tullpolitik 1823-1854
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Free trade can seem a peculiar thing, it’s both an economical theory and a trade policy, both an ideology and a scientific theory. Much of these tensions can be found already in the writings of Adam Smith. The dissertation focus the political aspect of free trade, and investigates how it was communicated within Swedish trade policy between 1823 and 1854. During this period the prohibitions in the Swedish tariff were subject of a fierce debate within the political system. 1823 a principal decision was taken to abolish them, but not until 1854 and 1857 respectively, one can say it was finally executed. Recent theories on trade policy change, suggests that to explain these kinds of processes, one can’t only look at the primary economic interests behind the change. Institutions and ideas are vital factors as well. My investigation considers these together with the aspects arenas and actors as important together with the more economic factors. The political actors communicated the issue on arenas, and the issue got institutionalised within the political system and was affected by existing institutions. Existing ideas also influenced how the problem was finally solved. The free traders are studied as political communicators where message and identities worked together. Political aspects like virtues, national interests and rhetoric came into play that explains why the change cannot be reduced to the strength of economic interests. In this the British free trade reforms gave the Swedish free traders important tools. In line with developments on the continent during the middle of the century, free trade was adopted and championed as a policy for national enrichment and empowerment. In this the roles played by different actors were important, the main roles were that of statesman and spokesperson for the people, both originated within the British political process. Swedish actors adopted these and transformed them to a Swedish context.
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| 135. |
- Lundblad, Stefan, 1975-
(författare)
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Honourable Merchant or Efficient Businessman : The Transformation of Economic Culture and the Leading Economic Actors in Gävle 1765–1869
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with how economic actors acted and related to economic institutions that were in a state of change. The question can be formulated as follows: How did the economic culture that Gävle's leading economic actors were a part of change during the period 1765–1869? The aim of the study is to provide new insight into Swedish economic development during this period.The conceptual starting point involves the concepts of institution and culture. It is through culture – a meaning making of actions and ideas – that human beings perceive institutions. I maintain that there is a particular culture within the framework of the economy – and that culture consisted of a practice and a symbol system. The purpose of the symbol system is to convey a trust that is both based upon and required in practice.The foundation of practice and of the symbol system that were used in the period before the 1840s was considerations of security associated with the private individual. There was no possibility to effectively supervise contracts entered into. This situation demanded institutions in which the basis of trust was expressed with clarity. The symbol system was aimed to create a relation between the merchant as an individual and his business contacts. After the 1840s it no longer made a difference to determine whether someone was a good person, but rather whether their business was profitable while maintaining technical quality so that one could rely on their products. It was no longer a lack of institutional clarity that called forth the symbol system and the practice that were used, but rather sheer economic insecurity. The honourable merchant who built his practice on security and had a symbol system that demonstrated this was gone. It was now the new efficient businessman who showed the way.
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| 136. |
- Makko, Aryo, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduktion
- 2015
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Ingår i: I främmande hamn. - Malmö : Universus Press. - 9789187439179 ; , s. 11-17
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 137. |
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| 138. |
- Marzagalli, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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‘In apparent disagreement with all law of nations in the world’ : Negotiating neutrality for shipping and trade during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Maritime History. - : SAGE Publications. - 0843-8714 .- 2052-7756. ; 28:1, s. 108-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Forum deals with maritime trade and shipping conducted by three neutral maritime states in the French Revolutionary Wars: Sweden, Denmark and the United States. The five contributions, based on specific cases of neutral shipping, illustrate the complementarity of neutral and belligerent trade and shipping, and so the significance of neutrality for the continuity of commerce in wartime. The introduction discusses eighteenth-century concepts of neutrality, as neutrals and belligerents understood it. Moreover, it provides a background narrative of the French Revolutionary Wars from the perspective of these three neutral states.
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| 139. |
- Maxwell-Stuart, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Unimpeded Sailing : A Critical Edition of Johann Gröning's Navigatio Libera (Extended 1698 Edition)
- 2018
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- The original Latin text of Johann Gröning’s Navigatio libera has never before been translated into any modern vernacular language. Gröning’s intention was to set out the position of neutral nations (in this case the Danes and Swedes), and their right to pursue trade during the wars of the great maritime powers (particularly the English and the Dutch). It specifically sought to engage with and refute the work of Hugo Grotius while taking cognisance of the critique of Gröning’s work by Samuel Pufendorf. The text serves as a bridge between 17th-century polemical discourse surrounding the ‘free sea’versus ‘enclosed sea’ debate and later 18th-century legal literature on the rights of neutrals and the continuation of free trade in time of war.
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| 140. |
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Persistent Piracy : Historical Perspectives on Maritime Violence and State Formation
- 2014
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Warfare and legitimate violence have long been seen as key elements in state formation. Persistent Piracy brings into the picture the long missing component of maritime violence – and shows it to be of vital importance to the formation and, on occasion, disintegration, of states. Spanning from the Caribbean to East Asia and covering almost 3,000 years of history, from Classical Antiquity to the eve of the twenty-first century, the book is an important contribution to the history of state formation as well as the history of violence at sea. The book has contributions by leading authorities in the field of piracy studies and history more generally: Philip de Souza, Neil Price, Wolfgang Kaiser, Guillame Calafat, James K. Chin, Robert J. Antony, David J. Starkey, Matthew McCarthy, James Francis Warren and Stig Jarle Hansen.
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