| 21. |
- Baghban, Sahar, et al.
(författare)
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Mitigation and Adaptation Measures
- 2022. - 1
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Ingår i: Climate Change in Sustainable Water Resources Management. - Singapore : Springer Nature. - 2364-8198 .- 2364-6934. - 9789811918971 - 9789811918988 ; , s. 331-360
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change has directly and indirectly impacted natural and human systems across the globe in recent decades.
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| 22. |
- Bahri, Akissa, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen source impact on the spatial variability of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil
- 1996
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Ingår i: Soil Science. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0038-075X. ; 161:5, s. 288-297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sewage sludge amendment of soils leads to an increase in soil fertility, but may induce heterogeneities not initially present in the soil. Spatial variation of soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was studied in a heavy clay soil after a sewage sludge application and NPK-treatment (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) using geostatistical approaches. In total, 314 soil samples were taken on two adjacent 40 m × 40 m plots (one sludge-amended and one NPK-treated) at three different scales (scale 40 m: 40 m × 40 m, scale 10 m: 10 m × 10 m, and scale 2.5 m: 2.5 m × 2.5 m). The coefficient of variation almost doubled for both C and N after sludge treatment. Because of this, more samples were needed to estimate mean values for the sludge-amended plot compared with the NPK-treated plot. To estimate the population mean at the 95% confidence level with 10% uncertainty (for all scales and all treatments), 5 to 13 samples were required for C and 4 to 7 for N. The C was spatially more structured compared to N. Semivariances of the sludge-amended plot displayed higher values compared with the NPK-treated plot, except for N at the smallest scale. This was probably due mainly to the sludge characteristics and the application technique of the sewage sludge. Constant semivariance (sill) was reached at ranges up to 15 m for C, but it was often unbounded (>40 m) for N.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Basit, Abdul, et al.
(författare)
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Structural Modeling on the Determinants of Effectiveness of SOPs Containing COVID-19 in Mass Gatherings
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study is aimed to analyze the determinants of the effectiveness of SOPs in mass gatherings for containing COVID-19. The overall design of the study involves a literature review, data collection by field survey, structural modeling, and analysis. The study is built on the experts' opinion of a focus group (representing people who recently participated in and are responsible for mass gatherings). The study uses the discussion of the literature review to identify the determinants, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) for developing and analyzing a structural model, and Matrice d'Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquée a un Classement (MICMAC) for corroboration of results of the ISM/classification of determinants. From the literature review, a list of determinants is generated and verified by a panel of experts. The results of the ISM revealed that the determinants “legal environment of the country,” “practicability of SOPs,” “perceived benefit of adapting SOPs,” and “possibilities of avoiding gathering” occupied the top of the model, therefore, they are less critical determinants, whereas “nature of gathering” occupied the bottom of the model, and is thus the most critical determinant. The remaining determinants form the middle of the model, and are therefore moderately severe. The results of MICMAC show that the determinant “perceived benefit of adapting SOPs” is dependent, “nature of gathering” is independent, and all others are linked. The results of MICMAC implicitly substantiate the findings of the ISM. The overall results of the study show that “nature of gathering” is the key determinant. This research does not require a priori theory since it is a theory-building study that uses an inductive approach. It is based on real data and it is useful for local authorities, organizers, participants (attendees/visitors) of mass gatherings, health officials/regulators, researchers, and the community at large. This study has fundamental importance for planning and preparing for such events while ensuring the minimum risk of COVID-19 transmission.
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| 25. |
- Bekturganov, Zakir, et al.
(författare)
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Water related health problems in central Asia-A review
- 2016
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 8:6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper provides an extensive literature review on water related health issues in Central Asia. Even though the per capita amount of available freshwater is substantial in all Central Asian states the uneven distribution in time and space creates problems for water availability. Due to this, the Central Asian economies are developing under increasing water deficiency. The degradation of water supply systems and sewage treatment plants is often severe leading to potentially high water loss rates and inadequate accessibility to safe water supply. In this context, rural areas are the most affected. Low tariffs in combination with absent metering and low collection rates for water fees mean that operation and maintenance costs for basic services of water supply and sanitation are not covered. Unsafe water supply contains both microbiological and non-microbiological contaminants. Helminthiasis and intestinal protozoa infections are of considerable public health importance in Central Asia. Agricultural and industrial pollution is especially affecting downstream areas of Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. In large areas copper, zinc, and chromium concentrations in water exceed maximum permissible concentration. Thus, there is an urgent need to strengthen the environmental monitoring system. Small-scale water supply and sanitation systems need to be developed in line with more efficient public spending on these.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Bengtsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Use of microcomputers in conjunction with instrumentation and data processing
- 1984
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Ingår i: Emerging Computer Techniques in Stormwater and Flood Management : Proceedings of the Conference at Niagaraon‐the‐Lake, Oct. 28–Nov. 4, 1983, Ontario, Canada - Proceedings of the Conference at Niagaraon‐the‐Lake, Oct. 28–Nov. 4, 1983, Ontario, Canada. - 0872624013 ; , s. 40-51
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
- Berndtsson, Ronny, et al.
(författare)
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Some Eulerian and Lagrangian statistical properties of rainfall at small space-time scales
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694. ; 153:1-4, s. 339-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Management of urban hydrological systems requires a knowledge of short-term and small-scale rainfall properties. Small catchment areas, dense building structures, a high degree of impermeable areas, and resulting rapid runoff, mean that the properties of individual rain cells are important considerations. Accordingly, this paper characterizes mainly spatial rainfall properties on a scale suitable for urban hydrology. Because of the usually dominant advective velocity component of individual rain cells the Eulerian view (observations of the moving rain cell by a fixed rain gage network) gives a distorted picture in the direction of movement of the actual rain cell. The extent of distortion depends on the magnitude of the advective velocity. The Lagrangian approach (moving along with the same speed and direction as the cell) gives different information regarding cell characteristics (e.g. size) compared with the Eulerian approach. It is shown that the Lagrangian cell size as indicated by the spatial correlation structure on average is twice the size of the Eulerian cell size. Thus, it is argued that the Lagrangian approach provides a more realistic picture of the rainfall structures compared with the Eulerian approach. The cell properties exhibit a temporal persistence of the spatial characteristics in the direction of movement. This persistence is, however, not strong and thus a forecasting procedure using advection only does not seem appropriate.
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| 29. |
- Bhunya, Pradeep K., et al.
(författare)
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Development of a Regional Non-dimensional Return Period Flood Model
- 2010
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Ingår i: Water Resources Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0920-4741 .- 1573-1650. ; 24:7, s. 1425-1439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the non-dimensional approach, this study focuses on developing a model to compute design flood for specific return periods whose parameter estimations are done using the Marquardt algorithm considering peak flood data of 100 Indian catchments. The selected flood data varies for majority of the sites for a period of 10 years, and for a few sites up to 36 years; and as a preliminary processing these data are checked for outliers, discordancy, and other errors. The model is calibrated for a variety of situations, and validated on selected gauged catchments. Both the descriptive and predictive goodness-of-fit measures are computed considering the floods of specific return periods estimated from the observed data. The model is found to perform well for the whole study area. Investigations reveal the model to be useful to any catchment within the hydrologically homogeneous region with limited or no flood data conditions.
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| 30. |
- Bolatova, Zhanerke, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges of access to WASH in schools in low-and middle-income countries : Case study from rural central Kazakhstan
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe water and sanitation, which give rise to appropriate hygiene, are fundamental determinants of individual and social health and well-being. Thereby, assessing and widening access to sustainable, durable water and sanitation infrastructure remains a global health issue. Rural areas are already at a disadvantage. Poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) can have a major negative effect on students in rural schools. Thus, the paper aims to assess the current condition and the challenge to access WASH in rural Kazakh schools. The study was conducted in three rural schools in Central Kazakhstan. Data were gathered through a survey among pupils, observations of the WASH infrastructure and maintenance, and a face-to-face interview with school administrators. The mean survey response rate was 65% across schools. Results indicated there was no alternative drinking-water source in schools, and 15% of students said they had access to water only occasionally. Half of the students reported that the water was unsafe to drink because of a poor odor, taste, or color. The toilet in school 3 was locked with a key, and a quarter of the students reported there was no access to a key. Moreover, not having gender-separated toilet facilities was a challenge because of the traditional gender norms. Despite the effective regulations and measures of handwashing taken during COVID-19, 27.7% of the students answered that soap was not offered daily in classrooms. Additionally, warm water was only provided in school 2. About 75% of students did not have access to drying materials continuously. The study shows that having the schools’ infrastructure is not enough when characteristics, such as availability, accessibility, maintenance, operation, quality of services, education, and practices, are ignored. Cooperation between local education authorities, school administration, and parents should be encouraged to the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030.
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