| 61. |
- Hussaini, Mohammed, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring low carbon transition pathways for the UK road transport sector
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Transportation Planning and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-1060 .- 1029-0354. ; 40:7, s. 796-811
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses an analytical framework of multi-level and multi-phase perspectives to explore low carbon transition pathways for the UK road transport system. The work draws on the impact made by the national (UK) and regional (EU) low carbon policy instruments on the UK road sector. The results show that the transformation pathway, which is at the take-off phase on a large scale, is the only fully active pathway. The transformation is mainly characterized by the adoption of biofuel blends and hybrid electric vehicles, as well as niche technologies. For the emergence of an ideal low carbon road system in the UK, it is shown that the transformation pathway is insufficient and the likely pathway sequence to full decarbonization will be transformation-substitution-de-alignment/re-alignment. However, the dynamics that can favour a smooth process of this sequence will demand a range of active niche technologies and strong government intervention.
|
|
| 62. |
- Högmander, Milla, et al.
(författare)
-
Luminometric Label Array for Counting and Differentiation of Bacteria
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 89:5, s. 3208-3216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methods for simple and fast detection and differentiation of bacterial species are required, for instance, in medicine, water quality monitoring, and the food industry. Here, we have developed a novel label array method for the counting and differentiation of bacterial species. This method is based on the nonspecific interactions of multiple unstable lanthanide chelates and selected chemicals within the sample leading to a luminescence signal profile that is unique to the bacterial species. It is simple, cost-effective, and/or user-friendly compared to many existing methods, such as plate counts on selective media, automatic (hemocytometer-based) cell counters, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for identification. The performance of the method was demonstrated with nine single strains of bacteria in pure culture. The limit of detection for counting was below 1000 bacteria per mL, with an average coefficient of variation of 10% achieved with the developed label array. A predictive model was trained with the measured luminescence signals and its ability to differentiate all tested bacterial species from each other, including members of the same genus Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, was confirmed via leave-one-out cross-validation. The suitability of the method for analysis of mixtures of bacterial species was shown with ternary mixtures of Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli JM109, and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659. The potential future application of the method could be monitoring for contamination in pure cultures; analysis of mixed bacterial cultures, where examining one species in the presence of another could inform industrial microbial processes; and the analysis of bacterial biofilms, where nonspecific methods based on physical and chemical characteristics are required instead of methods specific to individual bacterial species.
|
|
| 63. |
- Javeed, Faisal, et al.
(författare)
-
Industrial water treatment within a wetland planted with Hemarthria compressa and subsequent effluent reuse to grow Abelmoschus esculentus
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Water Process Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7144. ; 45
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the potential of constructed wetland systems to treat tannery effluent (TE) and mixed industry effluent (MIE). After each of the three influent cells acting as settling cells, three treatment cells in horizontal series along with a Control were applied. Each of the cells was subjected to horizontal surface flow and planted with Hemarthria compressa (L.f.) R.Br. (perennial whip grass). The percent decline in heavy metal concentrations between settling and Cell 3 over a period of 60 days varied as follows: zinc (Zn; 35.83–95.59), chromium (Cr; 30.63–95.49), copper (Cu; 24.3–97.05) and nickel (Ni; 20.3–93.2). The drop in chemical oxygen demand (COD mg L−1) ranged between 3.95 and 72.14%, whilst the total dissolved solids (TDS g L−1) decline was between 3.23 and 98.75%. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) drop ranges were between 1.4 and 11.72% along with up to 92.92%, respectively. The determined decline rates of pollutants and the cumulative biomass yield of H. compressa at p = 0.05 were between 0.76 and 0.96 (20 d−1). The heavy metal tolerance index for H. compressa in TE and MIE were 0.25–3.25 and 0.25–2.2, respectively. Although treated TE and MIE discharged from Cell 3 of each of the effluent treatment series on the 60th day had Zn, Ni, Cr and Cu concentrations greater than the local permissible limits (Punjab Environmental Quality Standards) of Liquid Industrial Effluents. The treated water through the constructed wetland system proved safe for cultivation of okra (Abelmoscus esculentus (L.) Moench) vegetables.
|
|
| 64. |
- Jebari, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Traditional irrigation techniques in MENA with a focus on Tunisia
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 61:7, s. 1346-1357
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to their efficiency, revitalized traditional techniques for irrigation management of scarce water resources have been suggested as a way to at least partially cope with the present water crises in the Middle East. A better irrigation management includes re-using treated wastewater in agriculture. Treated wastewater should also be used in industrial processes, thus contributing to a more efficient overall water management. However, the most important change leading to better water management is improving water efficiency in agricultural irrigation. Traditional water management techniques have an important role in many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. Besides bringing more water to a thirsty population, they can also contribute to the societal awareness, and recognition of the great diversity of cultural and social values water has to human civilization.
|
|
| 65. |
- Jin, Young Hoon, et al.
(författare)
-
Wavelet decomposition for detection of chaotic characteristics of monthly precipitation at Mokpo, Korea
- 2005
-
Ingår i: 31st IAHR Congress 2005 : Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges - Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges. - 8987898245 - 9788987898247 ; , s. 429-437
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, we apply deterministic chaos theory to investigate nonlinear dynamics in monthly precipitation at Mokpo, Korea, after wavelet decomposition. The wavelet transform is used not only for removal of noise but also for extraction of low and high frequency components in the data, representing low-dimensional dynamics. In order to determine an appropriate decomposition level for the wavelet transform, a correlation dimension analysis is applied for the respective low and high frequency signals after successive decomposition. The wavelet decomposition is performed up to 5th-level with orthogonal and compactly supported wavelets. Consequently, a long-term approximation (low frequency) and a short-term detail (high frequency) time series for the monthly precipitation obtained after 5th-level decomposition are investigated in terms of deterministic chaos theory. The data sets with low/high frequency components filtered by the wavelet transform are used for three-dimensional phase space analysis, respectively. Results show that both low and high frequency signals include clear chaotic signals and, therefore, might be governed by underlying dynamics based on different frequencies, respectively.
|
|
| 66. |
- Jinno, Kenji, et al.
(författare)
-
Real‐time rainfall prediction at small space‐time scales using a two‐dimensional stochastic advection‐diffusion model
- 1993
-
Ingår i: Water Resources Research. - 0043-1397. ; 29:5, s. 1489-1504
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A model based on the two‐dimensional stochastic advection‐diffusion equation is developed to forecast properties of individual rain cells in urban areas such as speed and spatial rainfall intensity. Two different modeling approaches are employed, and examples of the results are given. The first approach involves a Gaussian distribution as an analytic solution to the advection‐diffusion equation, whereas the second one entails a double Fourier series expansion of the rainfall intensity field. Both modeling approaches are used to predict the rainfall intensity field over a small 12‐gage urban catchment in southern Sweden. The model parameters are continuously updated by extended Kalman filtering. The Fourier series approach is shown to be the most flexible for practical applications and to give the most accurate forecasts. This model approach gives acceptable forecasts for a lead time of 1–5 min. It gives consistently smaller prediction errors compared to both the Gaussian solution and simple extrapolation calculations. The effect of system noise level on the forecast accuracy and model performance is discussed. The model can be used not only to predict in real time the spatial rainfall, but also to parameterize the variability pattern of small‐scale spatial rainfall into a set of physically based parameters, thus separating the effects of advective velocity, turbulent diffusion, and development/decay.
|
|
| 67. |
- Kamali, Mohammadreza, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability criteria for assessing nanotechnology applicability in industrial wastewater treatment : Current status and future outlook
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120. ; 125, s. 261-276
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Application of engineered nanomaterials for the treatment of industrial effluents and to deal with recalcitrant pollutants has been noticeably promoted in recent years. Laboratory, pilot and full-scale studies emphasize the potential of this technology to offer promising treatment options to meet the future needs for clean water resources and to comply with stringent environmental regulations. The technology is now in the stage of being transferred to the real applications. Therefore, the assessment of its performance according to sustainability criteria and their incorporation into the decision-making process is a key task to ensure that long term benefits are achieved from the nano-treatment technologies. In this study, the importance of sustainability criteria for the conventional and novel technologies for the treatment of industrial effluents was determined in a general approach assisted by a fuzzy-Delphi method. The criteria were categorized in technical, economic, environmental and social branches and the current situation of the nanotechnology regarding the criteria was critically discussed. The results indicate that the efficiency and safety are the most important parameters to make sustainable choices for the treatment of industrial effluents. Also, in addition to the need for scaling-up the nanotechnology in various stages, the study on their environmental footprint must continue in deeper scales under expected environmental conditions, in particular the synthesis of engineered nanomaterials and the development of reactors with the ability of recovery and reuse the nanomaterials. This paper will aid to select the most sustainable types of nanomaterials for the real applications and to guide the future studies in this field.
|
|
| 68. |
- Kargas, George, et al.
(författare)
-
Prediction of soil solution electrical conductivity by the permittivity corrected linear model using a dielectric sensor
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. - 0733-9437. ; 143:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, the electrical conductivity of the soil solution (σp) was predicted using a linear model in which the bulk soilelectrical conductivity (σb) effect on the apparent dielectric permittivity (εs) was considered. The performance of the proposed model wasevaluated by measurements with a dielectric sensor (the WET sensor) in four porous media at four different levels of electrical conductivity ofthe moistening KCl solution (σw). It was found that the relationship between the square root of the permittivity (εs) and soil volumetric watercontent (θ) was dependent on soil type, which is consistent with the low operating frequency of the sensor. Establishing a soil specific θm-√εsrelationship substantially increased the θ measurement accuracy compared to the factory calibration. It was shown that the new approach forthe σp prediction gave reasonably accurate results in sands irrespective of the σp values. For the finer porous media, it improved the predictionof σp only for the higher salinity levels, but the σp values appear to be underestimated. The relationship between the corrected dielectricpermittivity εR and σb is strongly linear for σw and σb values up to 6 and 1.7 dS · m-1, respectively.
|
|
| 69. |
- Kawamura, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Analyses of a 238-year long monthly precipitation time sequence by use of filtering techniques
- 1993
-
Ingår i: Extreme Hydrological Events: Precipitation, Floods and Droughts (Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposium, July 1993). ; 213, s. 103-111
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims at investigating the occurrence and characteristics of drought patterns by analyzing a 238-year long monthly precipitation time sequence observed at Lund in Sweden using an ordinary Kalman filter (OKF) and an adaptive Kalman filter (AKF). The OKF identifies the periods (in the time sequence) with anomalous precipitation by comparing the observed and average precipitation patterns. The AKF detects the changes of the long-term precipitation patterns in the time sequence. These changes are associated with the abrupt changes in the parameters of a periodic-stochastic model. The time sequence is divided into several precipitation epochs, where an epoch is uniquely represented by one set of parameter values. The precipitation pattern in each epoch reveals whether the risk of drought occurrence is high or not in an epoch. -Authors
|
|
| 70. |
- Kawamura, Akira, et al.
(författare)
-
Parameterization of rain cell properties using an advection-diffusion model and rain gage data
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8095. ; 42:1-4, s. 67-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To reduce flooding risks and improve urban drainage management, there is a need to increase the forecasting accuracy for rainfall models on small typical urban time and space scales. Increased rainfall forecasting accuracy will in turn improve runoff prediction and thus, prevent flooding hazards, decrease pollution discharge through combined sewers, increase waste water treatment efficiency, etc. For this purpose, we analyzed the parameters of a two-dimensional stochastic advection-diffusion model including a Fourier domain method and an extended Kalman filter algorithm for investigation of motion, shape, size, and intensity distribution of convective rainfall. The resulting set of model parameters (advective velocity, apparent turbulent diffusion, and development/decay of rainfall rate) is used to study convective rainfall variability. It appears that the speed at which the rainfall cell is advected is not dependent on the cell development stage or apparent diffusion. Instead, there is a dependence between the source/sink term and apparent diffusion. This can be explained by the turbulent updraft of warm air which results in large rainfall intensity increase. This strong turbulence results in larger diffusion (and vice versa). The behavior of the model parameters is therefore physically explainable and relevant. The results can be used as first choice of parameter values when modeling convective rainfall over ungaged areas.
|
|
