| 1. |
- Fatahi, Nabi, 1961
(författare)
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Clinical Communication Across Linguistic and Cultural Boundaries
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Community & Family. - 2456-3498. ; 3:143
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to conflicts and natural disasters every day, thousands of people are leaving their own countries and moving to resettle in another part of the world. This leads, amongst other things, to cross-lingual and cross-cultural clinical encounters. In this context, mutual understanding between patients and healthcare professional is vital for the patients' safety and health outcome. A literature review and previous research showed that satisfactory clinical communication is essential to achieve adequate health outcomes. A prerequisite for mutual understanding between patients with a language barrier and healthcare professionalis a strong language bridge. The interpreter is the third person who facilitates this contact, and in order to avoid misunderstandings a competent professional interpreter is essential
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| 2. |
- Fridley, Jason D., et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the scientific legacy of J. Philip Grime
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 111:9, s. 1814-1831
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perhaps as much as any other scientist in the 20th century, J.P. Grime transformed the study of plant ecology and helped shepherd the field toward international prominence as a nexus of ideas related to global environmental change. Editors at the Journal of Ecology asked a group of senior plant ecologists to comment on Grime's scientific legacy. This commentary piece includes individual responses of 14 scientists from around the world attesting to Grime's foundational role in plant functional ecology, including his knack for sparking controversy, his unique approach to theory formulation involving clever experiments and standardized trait measurements of large numbers of species, and the continued impact of his work on ecological science and policy.
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| 3. |
- Tomkinson, Birgitta, 1959-
(författare)
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Tripeptidyl-peptidase II : Update on an oldie that still counts
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biochimie. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9084 .- 1638-6183. ; 166, s. 27-37
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The huge exopeptidase, tripeptidyl-peptidase II (TPP II), appears to be involved in a large number of important biological processes. It is present in the cytosol of most eukaryotic cells, where it removes tripeptides from free amino termini of longer peptides through a 'molecular ruler mechanism'. Its main role appears to be general protein degradation, together with the proteasome. The activity is increased by stress, such as during starvation and muscle wasting, and in tumour cells. Overexpression of TPP II leads to accelerated cell growth, genetic instability and resistance to apoptosis, whereas inhibition or down-regulation of TPP II renders cells sensitive to apoptosis. Although it seems that humans can survive without TPP II, it is not without consequences. Recently, patients with loss-of-function mutations in the TPP2 gene have been identified. They suffer from autoimmunity leading to leukopenia and other consequences. Furthermore, a missense mutation in the TPP2 gene is associated with a sterile brain inflammation condition mimicking multiple sclerosis. This review will summarise what is known today regarding the activity and structure of this very large enzyme complex, and its potential function in various cellular processes. It is clear that more research is needed to identify natural substrates and/or interaction partners of TPP II, which can explain the observed effects in different cellular contexts.
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| 4. |
- Nussbaumer, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Efficacy and Risk of Harms of Immediate- versus Extended-Release Second-Generation Antidepressants: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: CNS Drugs. - : Adis / Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1172-7047 .- 1179-1934. ; 28:8, s. 699-712
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major depressive disorder (MDD) has detrimental effects on an individuals personal life, leads to increased risk of comorbidities, and places an enormous economic burden on society. Several second-generation antidepressants are available as both immediate-release (IR) and extended-release formulations. The advantage of extended-release formulations may be the potentially improved adherence and a lower risk of adverse events. We conducted a systematic review to assess the comparative efficacy, risk of harms, and patients adherence of IR and extended-release antidepressants for the treatment of MDD. English-language abstracts were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 to October 2012, as well as from reference lists of pertinent review articles and grey literature searches. We included head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 6 weeks duration that compared an IR formulation with an extended-release formulation of the same antidepressant in adult patients with MDD. We also included placebo-controlled trials to conduct a network meta-analysis. To assess harms and adherence, in addition to RCTs, we searched for observational studies with a parts per thousand yen1,000 participants and a follow-up of a parts per thousand yen12 weeks. We dually reviewed abstracts and full texts and assessed quality ratings. Lacking head-to-head evidence for many comparisons of interest, we conducted network meta-analyses using Bayesian methods. Our outcome measure of choice was response on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We located seven head-to-head trials and 94 placebo- and active-controlled trials for network meta-analysis. Overall, our analyses indicate that IR and extended-release formulations do not differ substantially with respect to efficacy and risk of harms. The evidence is mixed with respect to differences in adherence, indicating lower adherence for IR formulations. The lack of head-to-head comparisons for many drugs compromises our conclusions. Network meta-analyses have methodological limitations that need to be taken into consideration when interpreting findings. Available evidence currently shows no clear differences between the two formulations and therefore we cannot recommend a first choice. However, if adherence or compliance with one medication is an issue, then clinicians and patients should consider the alternative medication. If adherence or costs are a problem with one formulation, consideration of the other formulation to provide an adequate treatment trial is reasonable.
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| 5. |
- Gore, Andrea C., et al.
(författare)
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EDC-2 : The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
- 2015
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Ingår i: Endocrine reviews. - : Oxford University Press. - 0163-769X .- 1945-7189. ; 36:6, s. E1-E150
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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| 6. |
- Gore, Andrea C., et al.
(författare)
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Executive Summary to EDC-2 : The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
- 2015
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Ingår i: Endocrine reviews. - : Oxford University Press. - 0163-769X .- 1945-7189. ; 36:6, s. 593-602
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Executive Summary to the Endocrine Society's second Scientific Statement on environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) provides a synthesis of the key points of the complete statement. The full Scientific Statement represents a comprehensive review of the literature on seven topics for which there is strong mechanistic, experimental, animal, and epidemiological evidence for endocrine disruption, namely: obesity and diabetes, female reproduction, male reproduction, hormone-sensitive cancers in females, prostate cancer, thyroid, and neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. EDCs such as bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diethyl ethers, and dioxins were emphasized because these chemicals had the greatest depth and breadth of available information. The Statement also included thorough coverage of studies of developmental exposures to EDCs, especially in the fetus and infant, because these are critical life stages during which perturbations of hormones can increase the probability of a disease or dysfunction later in life. A conclusion of the Statement is that publications over the past 5 years have led to a much fuller understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability. These findings will prove useful to researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers in translating the science of endocrine disruption to improved public health.
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| 7. |
- Wallace, M. Ariel Geer, et al.
(författare)
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A review of sample collection and analytical methods for detecting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in indoor and outdoor air
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 358
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a unique class of chemicals synthesized to aid in industrial processes, fire-fighting products, and to benefit consumer products such as clothing, cosmetics, textiles, carpets, and coatings. The widespread use of PFAS and their strong carbon-fluorine bonds has led to their ubiquitous presence throughout the world. Airborne transport of PFAS throughout the atmosphere has also contributed to environmental pollution. Due to the potential environmental and human exposure concerns of some PFAS, research has extensively focused on water, soil, and organismal detection, but the presence of PFAS in the air has become an area of growing concern. Methods to measure polar PFAS in various matrices have been established, while the investigation of polar and nonpolar PFAS in air is still in its early development. This literature review aims to present the last two decades of research characterizing PFAS in outdoor and indoor air, focusing on active and passive air sampling and analytical methods. The PFAS classes targeted and detected in air samples include fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (FASEs), perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Although the manufacturing of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) has been largely phased out, these two PFAS are still often detected in air samples. Additionally, recent estimates indicate that there are thousands of PFAS that are likely present in the air that are not currently monitored in air methods. Advances in air sampling methods are needed to fully characterize the atmospheric transport of PFAS.
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| 8. |
- Schug, Thaddeus T., et al.
(författare)
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A new approach to synergize academic and guideline-compliant research : the CLARITY-BPA research program
- 2013
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Ingår i: Reproductive Toxicology. - : Elsevier. - 0890-6238 .- 1873-1708. ; 40, s. 35-40
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, medical research has seen a strong push toward translational research, or "bench to bedside" collaborations, that strive to enhance the utility of laboratory science for improving medical treatment. The success of that paradigm supports the potential application of the process to other fields, such as risk assessment. Close collaboration among academic, government, and industry scientists may enhance the translation of scientific findings to regulatory decision making. The National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a consortium-based research program to link more effectively academic and guideline-compliant research. An initial proof-of-concept collaboration, the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA), uses bisphenol A (BPA) as a test chemical. The CLARITY-BPA program combines a core perinatal guideline-compliant 2-year chronic toxicity study with mechanistic studies/endpoints conducted by academic investigators. Twelve extramural grantees were selected by NIEHS through an RFA-based initiative to participate in the overall study design and conduct disease-relevant investigations using tissues and animals from the core study. While the study is expected to contribute to our understanding of potential effects of BPA, it also has ramifications beyond this specific focus. Through CLARITY-BPA, NIEHS has established an unprecedented level of collaboration among extramural grantees and regulatory researchers. By drawing upon the strengths of academic and regulatory expertise and research approaches, CLARITY-BPA represents a potential new model for filling knowledge gaps, enhancing quality control, informing chemical risk assessment, and identifying new methods or endpoints for regulatory hazard assessments.
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| 9. |
- Yuen, Jonathan
(författare)
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Landscape-Scale Disease Risk Quantification and Prediction
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Phytopathology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4286 .- 1545-2107. ; 53, s. 471-484
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of plant disease epidemics at a landscape scale can be extended to allow for predictions about disease occurrence at this scale. Examined within the context of the disease triangle, systems developed to incorporate information primarily about the pathogen and conditions conducive to the infection process. Parametric methods can be used to relate environmental conditions to disease, and specifically relate environment to the inoculum production, the resulting infection process, or both. Aspects relating to the presence or absence of the host plant within the landscape, or patterns of the host within the landscape, are much rarer in disease prediction, although analyses incorporating these factors have been conducted. Predictive systems at the landscape scale may concentrate only on the conditions for infection or possible migratory paths of pathogen propagules. Incorporation of all components of the disease triangle may be one way to improve these systems.
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| 10. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Method in Action and Method in Tool : a Stakeholder Perspective
- 2004
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Ingår i: JIT. Journal of information technology (Print). - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 0268-3962 .- 1466-4437. ; 19:3, s. 215-223
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tool support for information systems (IS) development can be considered from many perspectives, and it is not surprising that different stakeholders perceive such tools very differently. This can contribute on one side to poor selection processes and ineffective deployment of CASE, and on another to inappropriate tool development. In this paper, the relationship between CASE-tools and IS development methods is considered from three stakeholder perspectives: concept developer, IS developer and product developer. These perspectives, and the tensions between them, are characterised within a 'stakeholder triangle'. Some of the major issues related to each tension are highlighted, and the triangle is then used to consider the importance, and implications for all stakeholders, of considering all tensions together. In particular, we suggest that the concept of 'method in action' be complemented by that of 'method in tool'. We believe that these insights will contribute to the continuing debate on how to reduce adoption failures.
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