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- Fischer Hübner, Simone, et al.
(författare)
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Security and Privacy in Dynamic Environments : Proceedings of the IFIP TC-11 21st International Information Security Conference (SEC 2006)
- 2006
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book contains the Proceedings of the 21st IFIP TC-11 International Information Security Conference (IFIP/SEC 2006) on Security and Privacy in Dynamic Environments held in May 2224 2006 in Karlstad, Sweden. The first IFIP/SEC conference was arranged in May 1983 in Stockholm, Sweden, one year before TC-11 was founded, with the active participation of the Swedish IT Security Community. The IFIP/SEC conferences have since then become the flagship events of TC-11.We are very pleased that we succeeded with our bid to after 23 years hold the IFIP/SEC conference again in Sweden. The IT environment now includes novel, dynamic approaches such as mobility, wearability, ubiquity, ad hoc use, mind/body orientation, and business/market orientation. This modern environment challenges the whole information security research community to focus on interdisciplinary and holistic approaches whilst retaining the benefit of previous research efforts. Papers offering research contributions focusing on dynamic environments in addition to other aspects of computer security and privacy were solicited for submission to IFIP/SEC 2006. We received 141 submissions which were all reviewed by at least three members of the international program committee. At a one-day program committee meeting, the submitted papers were discussed, and 35 papers were selected for presentation at the conference, which means an acceptance rate of 24.8%. A special emphasis of IFIP/SEC 2006 is on Privacy and Privacy Enhancing Technologies, which is addressed by 9 of the 35 accepted papers. Further topics addressed include security in mobile and ad hoc networks, access control for dynamic environments, new forms of attacks, security awareness, intrusion detection and network forensics.These Proceedings also include the papers of the following two workshops that are associated with SEC 2006: the workshop on Security Culture organized by IFIP Working Group 11.1/11.8 as well as the I-NetSec06 workshop on Privacy and Anonymity Issues in Networked and Distributed Systems organized by IFIP Working Group 11.4. Both workshops were organized autonomously by the respective IFIP Working Groups. They had their own call for papers, program committees, and selection processes with acceptance rates of papers similar to the one of the main IFIP/SEC 2006 conference.IFIP/SEC 2006 is organized in cooperation with Karlstad University, SIG Security, and Dataföreningen i Sverige. We would like to thank Microsoft AB, Karlstads kommun, SAAB AB, and TietoEnator, who are sponsoring IFIP/SEC 2006. Furthermore, we gratefully thank all authors, members of the program committees, and additional reviewers for their contributions to the scientific quality of this conference and the two workshops. Last but not least, we owe thanks to the organizing committee, and especially to its chair Dr. Albin Zuccato, for all the efforts and dedication in preparing this conference
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| 5. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) applicata agli Autonomous Systems
- 2018
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of artificial intelligence applied to autonomous systems has in recent years aroused growing interest at the international level, and it is expected that this interest will continue to grow in the coming years [34]. It is a fairly well known fact that in the past many technologies now used in the civil field have seen the light, more or less secretly, in the military sector. Consider, for example, the so-called ARPANET, developed by the US defense department, which anticipated the modern Internet, but also algorithms for data encryption, thermal cameras, and many other commonly used technologies. Today the scenario has partly changed, shifting the leadership of innovation towards other domains, since there is a considerable boost to the technological development in the civil field with the advance of connected society paradigms like Smart-City and Industry 4.0. One example is related to the self-driving vehicles, born in the military sector, which are developing more rapidly in the civil sphere with the attractive self-driving cars. It is therefore important to transfer enabling technologies from one domain to another (cross-fertilization) and to draw appropriately from the outside (open innovation). This is achieved through studies and researches such as the one addressed by this monograph. The objective of this study is to analyze the principles, the basic methodologies and the operational tools of artificial intelligence applied to autonomous systems, at the modeling and technology level, in order to replace human-controlled vehicles with autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles (e.g. drones) in high-risk operating environments, as well as to reduce human errors and to speed up response times, for example in operations command and control centers. The study presents an overview of the information fusion approaches to enable artificial cognition, mentioning several relevant applications in the military field, already at an advanced phase of development or even at an embryonic level. These approaches can be used to strengthen weapon systems and defense means, with greater ability to adapt to the operational context for the dynamic management of uncertainties and unforeseen events, as well as for experiential evolution and learning. Future applications include not only self-driving vehicles and smart weapons, but also the strengthening of soldiers through prosthetics and exoskeletons. Many of the future projections have been formalized by the working group on Symbiotic Autonomous Systems – which the writer is a member of – of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), enclosed in a special White Paper [34]. The present study addresses the impact of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the use of the military instrument when this technology will be applied to military assets and weapon systems, taking into account the different declinations of AI, including: • deterministic (semi)autonomous systems implemented through Boolean logical operators (eg Event Trees); • (semi)Autonomous systems based on probabilistic / stochastic models for the representation of knowledge and inference (eg Bayesian Networks); • (semi)Autonomous systems based on trained artificial neuronal models (ANN, Artificial Neural Networks). These approaches are based on different models of machine learning, which can be supervised or not. They apply to classification and clustering approaches in modern data analysis approaches, particularly in the presence of large amounts of information (big data analytics). This study distinguishes between semi-autonomous AI models, which require the confirmation of decisions by human operators (DSS, Decision Support Systems), and complete autonomy, which presents predictability problems impacting the verification and validation process and therefore system safety. These are the cases in which the aforementioned ethical, procedural, normative and legal implications are more relevant [1]. The introduction of autonomous systems equipped with artificial intelligence involves transformations also at the level of military logistics, which can be interpreted in two directions. On the one hand, it is necessary to plan the procurement of enabling technologies, the so-called deployable systems based on secure wireless networks, and the updating of systems to support complete digitalisation, which is an essential pre-requisite for the adoption of the instrument. The other side of the coin is the use of a higher level of automation in military logistics, supported by the AI. Here we can mention the automatic multi-objective optimization algorithms for decision support (eg genetic and evolutionary programming), the computation of the most efficient paths (in terms of time, energy, etc.), the dynamic definition of optimization priorities, as well as aspects of resilience through automatic re-planning of the route in the event of interruptions on the predefined trajectory. For all that has been said so far, it is clear that the development of the AI will have consequences on the future organization of the armed forces, both for the conduct of the operations and for the structure and numbers of the defense sector. As in other areas subject to automation through the use of new digital technologies, even in the military one the human role of decision supervision, feedback and control of high-level operations will remain decisive for many years. At the same time, however, the need for training and specialization in line with the complete computerization will arise, with significant impacts in terms of information security (or cybersecurity), which will require increasingly specific skills. The fact that complete autonomy would be possible in the event of unavailability of personnel in control centers implies not only a higher level of security, but also the possibility of reducing organizational redundancies by dedicating resources to different and more specialized tasks. As already underlined, there are significant ethical and legal implications related to future decision-making processes for the choice of using force through a weapon system governed by an artificial intelligence, potentially endowed with a high level of autonomy. It is therefore essential to define clear and shared limitations and conditions of autonomy for the verifiability and traceability of the decision-making process. In particular, in order to govern decision-making and prevent ambiguities, it is essential to apply the well-known RACI (Responsible Accountable Consulted Informed) paradigm, which defines for each action who is responsible for its implementation, who is associated with its administrative / legal responsibility, who will have to be consulted for further information and possible approval, and finally who will have to be simply, but obligatorily, informed. All aspects related to international safety certifications that regulate design, development and verification of systems whose malfunctions can impact on the safety of people are also essential. Many of the current reference standards are no longer adequate if we consider the current and anticipated evolution of AI, and therefore they will have to be adjusted accordingly.
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