| 1. |
- Adamczyk, A., et al.
(författare)
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High-resolution near-surface velocity model building using full-waveform inversion-a case study from southwest Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 197:3, s. 1693-1704
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is an iterative optimization technique that provides high-resolution models of subsurface properties. Frequency-domain, acoustic FWI was applied to seismic data acquired over a known quick-clay landslide scar in southwest Sweden. We inverted data from three 2-D seismic profiles, 261-572 m long, two of them shot with small charges of dynamite and one with a sledgehammer. To our best knowledge this is the first published application of FWI to sledgehammer data. Both sources provided data suitable for waveform inversion, the sledgehammer data containing even wider frequency spectrum. Inversion was performed for frequency groups between 27.5 and 43.1 Hz for the explosive data and 27.5-51.0 Hz for the sledgehammer. The lowest inverted frequency was limited by the resonance frequency of the standard 28-Hz geophones used in the survey. High-velocity granitic bedrock in the area is undulated and very shallow (15-100 m below the surface), and exhibits a large P-wave velocity contrast to the overlying normally consolidated sediments. In order to mitigate the non-linearity of the inverse problem we designed a multiscale layer-stripping inversion strategy. Obtained P-wave velocity models allowed to delineate the top of the bedrock and revealed distinct layers within the overlying sediments of clays and coarse-grained materials. Models were verified in an extensive set of validating procedures and used for pre-stack depth migration, which confirmed their robustness.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Burchardt, Steffi, et al.
(författare)
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Sinking of anhydrite blocks within a Newtonian salt diapir : modelling the influence of block aspect ratio and salt stratification
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 188:3, s. 763-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2-D Finite Differences models are used to analyse the strain produced by gravity-driven sinking of dense rectangular inclusions through homogeneous and vertically stratified Newtonian salt. We systematically modelled the descent of dense blocks of different sizes and initial orientations (aspect ratios) representing the Main Anhydrite fragments documented within, for example, the Gorleben salt diapir. Model results demonstrate that size of the blocks is a governing parameter which dictates the amount of strain produced within the block and in the surrounding host salt. Initial block orientation (aspect ratio), on the other hand, causes fundamental differences in block deformation, while the resulting structures produced in the salt are principally the same in all models with homogeneous salt, covering shear zones and folding of passive markers. In models with vertically stratified salt with different viscosities, block descent takes place along complex paths. This results from greater strain accommodation by the salt formation with the lowest viscosity and an asymmetrical distribution of initial vertical shear stresses around the block. Consequently, in these models, block strain is lower compared with the models with homogeneous salt (for the same viscosity as the high-viscosity salt), and sinking is accompanied by block rotation. The latter causes diapir-scale disturbance of the pre-sinking salt stratigraphy and complex sinking paths of the blocks. In particular, vertically oriented blocks sink into high-viscosity salt and drag with them some low-viscosity salt, while horizontal blocks sink in the low-viscosity salt. The resultant sinking velocities vary strongly depending on the sinking path of the block. Based on model results and observed structural configuration within the Gorleben salt diapir, we conclude that the internal complexity of a salt diapir governs its post-ascent deformation. Salt structure and its interaction with dense blocks should hence be considered in the assessment of the long-term stability of storage sites for hazardous waste.
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| 4. |
- Eken, Tuna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of seismic anisotropy on P-velocity tomography of the Baltic Shield
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 188:2, s. 600-612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate possible effects of neglecting seismic anisotropy on standard isotropic P-velocity tomographic images of the upper mantle beneath the Baltic shield. Isotropic inversions of teleseismic P- and S-wave traveltimes exhibit alternating high- and low-velocity heterogeneities down to depths of over 400 km. Differences in tomographic inversions of SV- and SH-wave traveltimes are distinct down to depths of about 200 km and are associated with anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle. Anisotropic structures of the upper mantle affect both the P and S traveltimes, shear-wave splitting as well as the P polarization directions. Joint inversion for isotropic and anisotropic velocity perturbations is not feasible due to the limited 3-D ray coverage of available data. Therefore, we correct the input traveltimes for anisotropic contributions derived from independent analyses and then perform standard isotropic inversions. These corrections are derived either directly from directional deviations of P-wave propagation or are calculated in anisotropic models retrieved by joint inversions of body-wave anisotropic parameters (P-residual spheres and shear-wave splitting). These anisotropic models are also used to fit backazimuth variations of P-wave polarization directions. General features of tomographic images calculated from the original and the anisotropy-corrected data are similar. Amplitudes of the velocity perturbations decrease below similar to 200 km depth, that is in the sub-lithospheric mantle. In general, large-scale anisotropy related to the fabrics of the continental mantle lithosphere can contaminate tomographic images in some parts of models and should not be ignored.
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| 5. |
- Fuchs, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
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A new numerical method to calculate inhomogeneous and time dependent large deformations of two-dimensional geodynamic flows with application to diapirism
- 2013
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 194:2, s. 623-639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key to understand many geodynamic processes is studying the associated large deformation fields. Finite deformation can be measured in the field by using geological strain markers giving the logarithmic strain f = log 10(R), where R is the ellipticity of the strain ellipse. It has been challenging to accurately quantify finite deformation of geodynamic models for inhomogeneous and time-dependent large deformation cases. We present a new formulation invoking a 2-D marker-in-cell approach. Mathematically, one can describe finite deformation by a coordinate transformation to a Lagrangian reference frame. For a known velocity field the deformation gradient tensor, F, can be calculated by integrating the differential equation DtFij = LikFkj, where L is the velocity gradient tensor and Dt the Lagrangian derivative. The tensor F contains all information about the minor and major semi-half axes and orientation of the strain ellipse and the rotation. To integrate the equation centrally in time and space along a particle's path, we use the numerical 2-D finite difference code FDCON in combination with a marker-in-cell approach. For a sufficiently high marker density we can accurately calculate F for any 2-D inhomogeneous and time-dependent creeping flow at any point for a deformation f up to 4. Comparison between the analytical and numerical solution for the finite deformation within a Poiseuille–Couette flow shows an error of less than 2 per cent for a deformation up to f = 1.7. Moreover, we determine the finite deformation and strain partitioning within Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities (RTIs) of different viscosity and layer thickness ratios. These models provide a finite strain complement to the RTI benchmark of van Keken et al. Large finite deformation of up to f = 4 accumulates in RTIs within the stem and near the compositional boundaries. Distinction between different stages of diapirism shows a strong correlation between a maximum occurring deformation of f = 1, 3 and 4, and the early, intermediate and late stages of diapirism, respectively. Furthermore, we find that the overall strain of a RTI is concentrated in the less viscous regions. Thus, spatial distributions and magnitudes of finite deformation may be used to identify stages and viscosity ratios of natural cases.
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| 6. |
- Fuchs, Lukas, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical models of salt diapir formation by down-building : the role of sedimentation rate, viscosity contrast, initial amplitude and wavelength
- 2011
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 186:2, s. 390-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formation of salt diapirs has been described to be due to upbuilding (i. e. Rayleigh-Taylor like instability of salt diapirs piercing through a denser sedimentary overburden) or syndepositional down-building process (i. e. the top of the salt diapir remains at the surface all the time). Here we systematically analyse this second end-member mechanism by numerical modelling. Four parameters are varied: sedimentation rate nu(sed), salt viscosity eta(salt), amplitude delta of the initial perturbation of the sedimentation layer and thewavenumber k of this perturbation. The shape of the resulting salt diapirs strongly depends on these parameters. Small diapirs with subvertical side walls are found for small values of nu(sed) and eta(salt) or large values of delta, whereas taller diapirs with pronounced narrow stems build for larges values of nu(sed) and eta(salt) or small values of delta. Two domains are identified in the four-parameter space, which separates successful down-building models from non-successful models. By applying a simple channel flow law, the domain boundary can be described by the non-dimensional law nu(sedcrit)' = C(1)1/2 delta(0)'rho(sed)'k'(2/)k'(2) + C2, where rho(sed)' is the sediment density scaled by the density contrast Delta rho between sediment and salt, the wavelength is scaled by the salt layer thickness h(salt), and velocity is scaled by eta(salt)/(h(salt)(2)Delta rho g), where eta(salt) is the salt viscosity and g is the gravitational acceleration. From the numerical models, the constants C(1) and C(2) are determined as 0.0283 and 0.1171, respectively.
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| 7. |
- Heidari, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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Magnitude-scaling relations using period parameters tau(c) and tau(max)(p), for Tehran region, Iran
- 2013
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 192:1, s. 275-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the first step towards establishing an onsite earthquake early warning system (EWS) in the Tehran region is presented. The system uses the period parameters tau(max)(p) and tau(c) from the first 3 s of the vertical and horizontal components of a P wave, separately and combined. Various regression relations between the magnitude and period parameters were determined for different seismic networks operating in the study area. The data set used in this study contains small ground motions including 194 events with magnitudes between M-L 2.5 and 4.6 located within approximately 80 km from the epicentre in the Tehran region. The SDs of the magnitude-scaling relations for all the component categories (vertical, horizontal and total components) based on the tau(max)(p) and tau(c) approaches were estimated to be on the order of +/- 1.0 and +/- 1.1 unit of magnitude, respectively. These relations were determined from the small magnitude range of the velocity records (M-L 2.5-4.6) as input seismograms. Additional tests were conducted to verify the reliability and robustness of the determined magnitude-scaling relations using acceleration records from the 2002 June 22, M-L 6.5 Changureh-Avaj earthquake; 2004 May 28, M-L 6.1 Firoozabad-Koojour earthquake; 2009 October 17, M-L 3.9 Shahre-Rey earthquake and 2011 February 20, M-L 4.1 Sharif-Abad earthquake; the first two events (Changureh-Avaj and Firoozabad-Koojour) occurred outside the study area. Among the various regression scaling relations obtained, the estimated magnitude based on the tau(max)(p) approach using the vertical components yielded the most stable and reliable results of 6.4 (+/- 0.4), 5.9 (+/- 0.4), 3.3 (+/- 0.5) and 3.8 (+/- 0.3) for the Changureh-Avaj, Firoozabad-Koojour, Shahre-Rey and Sharif-Abad earthquakes, respectively. The magnitudes estimated using the tau(c) method exhibited more scatter with higher SDs than those using the vertical components using the tau(max)(p) approach. Our results also indicate that using the horizontal components produces larger SDs, which may be attributed to the larger site effects; however, the horizontal components can be used as auxiliary available data to provide more constrained information for a multilevels pilot alarm system and to reduce the number of missed or false alarms. The main uncertainties in the proposed magnitude-scaling relations result from the absence of any large earthquakes and poor station distributions in the study area. However, the results presented in this study can be used as a pilot onsite earthquake EWS in the Tehran region.
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| 8. |
- Hieronymus, Christoph, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Complex cratonic seismic structure from thermal models of the lithosphere : effects of variations in deep radiogenic heating
- 2010
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 180:3, s. 999-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cratons are the long-term tectonically stable cores of the continents. Despite their thermal stability they display substantial seismic complexity with lateral and vertical lithospheric anomalies of up to several percent in both VS and VP . Although some of these anomalies have been correlated with compositional variations, others are too large to be explained with any common mantle lithosphere compositions ranging from fertile peridotites to highly melt-depleted dunites, under the assumption that thermal perturbations are negligible. To test whether temperature anomalies could contribute to seismic complexity, we performed a set of 2-D thermal calculations for a range of cratonic tectonic models and converted them into seismic structure, accounting for variations in phase and elastic and anelastic response to pressure and temperature. With the long thermal equilibration time in cratonic settings, even relatively mild variations in concentrations of radioactive elements can leave long-lasting lithospheric thermal anomalies of 100–300 °C. Concentrations of radioactive elements decrease with increasing melt depletion (or decreasing metasomatic refertilization), resulting in lower temperatures and increased seismic velocities. This thermal seismic effect enhances the intrinsic velocity-increasing compositional seismic signature of melt depletion. The joint thermochemical effects can leave cratonic seismic anomalies of up to 3–4.5 per cent in VS and up to 2.5–4 per cent in VP , with gradients sometimes as sharp as a few kilometre in width. Thus the variations in major and minor element mantle lithosphere composition commonly seen in mantle samples can account for much of the variability in imaged seismic structure of cratonic lithosphere.
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| 9. |
- Hübert, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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The upper crustal 3-D resistivity structure of the Kristineberg area, Skellefte district, northern Sweden revealed by magnetotelluric data
- 2013
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 192:2, s. 500-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 3-D model of the crustal electrical resistivity was constructed from the inversion of magnetotelluric data in the Kristineberg area, Skellefte district, the location of one of Sweden's most successful mining activities. Forward modelling of vertical magnetic transfer data supports our model which was derived from the magnetotelluric impedance only. The dominant features in the 3-D model are the strong conductors at various depth levels and resistive bodies of variable thickness occurring in the shallower subsurface. The deepest conductor, previously associated with the Skellefte crustal conductivity anomaly, is imaged in the southern part of the area as a north-dipping feature starting at similar to 4 km depth. Several shallow conductors are attributed to graphite in the black shales defining the contact between the metasedimentary rocks and the underlying metavolcanic rocks. Furthermore, an elongated intermediate depth conductor is possibly associated with alteration zones in the metavolcanic rocks that host the ore occurrences. The most prominent crustal resistors occur in the southern and northern part of the area, where their lateral extent on the surface coincides with the late-orogenic Revsund type intrusions. To the east, a resistive feature can be correlated to the early-orogenic Viterliden intrusion. The 3-D model is compared with two previous 2-D inversion models along two perpendicular profiles. The main electrical features are confirmed with the new model and previous uncertainties regarding 3-D effects, caused by off-profile conductors, can be better assessed in 3-D, although the resolution is lower due to a coarser model discretization. The comparison with seismic sections along two north-south profiles reveals structural correspondence between electrical features, zones of different reflectivity and geological units.
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| 10. |
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