| 1. |
- Fåhraeus, Cecilia, 1981-
(författare)
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Drawing a Livelihoodscape from the Slum : Towards a spatial understanding of gendered livelihoods in Zambia
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overarching aim of the thesis was to draw a livelihoodscape from the slum. The questions guiding this endeavour were: Where do slum dwellers carry out their livelihood activities and how can these spatial livelihood patterns be understood? This involved outlining how livelihoods emerged from and interacted with the slum; following how they detached themselves and unfolded further in urban space; and finally, how they transcended the urban territory and migrated onwards to translocal destinations. Material was collected through surveys, semi-structured interviews and observations in three slum settlements in Lusaka, encompassing 459 research participants.Mapping slum dwellers’ livelihood spatialities generated insights with implications for livelihood theory, but also for Southern/subaltern urban theory and in particular the workings of African cities. First, it revealed that the residential settlement played a critical role in the execution of people’s livelihoods. Mobility constraints attributed to affordability and time poverty contributed to this outcome, but equally important were localised processes of information sharing, matching and learning. At the same time, livelihood activities connected the residential settlement to other key locations in the city, creating a complex system of flows and interactions. The importance of particular sites in the city for slum dwellers’ economic activities could be connected to colonial and post-colonial planning regimes, intermingling with global economic shifts and development policies. But to a limited degree, slum dwellers also carried out livelihood activities beyond the urban scope; such as engaging in agriculture on rural farmland and conducting interurban and cross-border trade. These translocal livelihoods were to a significant extent enabled by social capital. Gender constituted an evident axis of differentiation, with women’s economic activities being more spatially constrained than men’s. This was associated with patriarchal control, disproportional involvement in reproductive chores, limited access to assets, but also a colonial history of spatial marginalisation.By drawing on diverse sets of scholarship, this thesis was able to problematise notions of the African city as a site of contingency and crisis, and demonstrate how it can be characterised by flux as well as permanence; marginalisation as well as integration; alienation and fellowship, all at the same time.
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| 2. |
- Abascal, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Making Urban Slum Population Visible : Citizens and Satellites to Reinforce Slum Censuses
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Inequalities from Space. - : Springer. - 9783031491856 - 9783031491832 ; , s. 287-302
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the “Leave No One Behind” principle (the central promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development), reliable estimate of the total number of citizens living in slums is urgently needed but not available for some of the most vulnerable communities. Not having a reliable estimate of the number of poor urban dwellers limits evidence-based decision-making for proper resource allocation in the fight against urban inequalities. From a geographical perspective, urban population distribution maps in many low- and middle-income cities are most often derived from outdated or unreliable census data disaggregated by coarse administrative units. Moreover, slum populations are presented as aggregated within bigger administrative areas, leading to a large diffuse in the estimates. Existing global and open population databases provide homogeneously disaggregated information (i.e. in a spatial grid), but they mostly rely on census data to generate their estimates, so they do not provide additional information on the slum population. While a few studies have focused on bottom-up geospatial models for slum population mapping using survey data, geospatial covariates, and earth observation imagery, there is still a significant gap in methodological approaches for producing precise estimates within slums. To address this issue, we designed a pilot experiment to explore new avenues. We conducted this study in the slums of Nairobi, where we collected in situ data together with slum dwellers using a novel data collection protocol. Our results show that the combination of satellite imagery with in situ data collected by citizen science paves the way for generalisable, gridded estimates of slum populations. Furthermore, we find that the urban physiognomy of slums and population distribution patterns are related, which allows for highlighting the diversity of such patterns using earth observation within and between slums of the same city.
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| 3. |
- Gustafsson, Jessica, 1980-
(författare)
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Voicing the Slum : Youth, Community Media and Social Change in Nairobi
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since late 2006, several small media projects have emerged in the slums of Nairobi with the aim to counterbalance the ignorance from mainstream media, provide the slums residents with news, information and an opportunity to voice their needs and discuss relevant issues. These media are best labelled community media, since their main concern is to serve the interests of the community, in this context the slums. The aim of this project is to assess the potential impact community media have on the community in which they operate. Moreover, it considers the role community media play in promoting community development and democracy, especially in relation to young people living in the slums of Nairobi. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Nairobi (January 2007 to April 2010) including interviews with producers and audience, the study not only maps the establishment of the community media landscape in the slums of Nairobi but the advent of community broadcasting. The study reveals that community media and community radio in particular play an import role in the local youth’s identity construction. By promoting a “slum identity” and ascribing to it positive connotations they help the youth strengthening a sense of pride in who they are and where they come from. Moreover, community media and especially community broadcasting provide the audience with information and a platform for debate where the community can interact directly or indirectly with civil society group, local power holders and experts whether in health, law and finance. This can improve the living situations of the audience but also their engagement as citizens. On a macro level, community media’s biggest contribution to social change is their proactive work to combat tribalism by encouraging their audiences to perceive themselves as Kenyans rather than clinging on to identities based on tribal belonging, which is further reflected in their use of Swahili. The political economy of community media is the biggest challenge that prevents the media projects from fully fulfilling their objectives and being a progressive force for social change. The weak financial situation not only affects their output negatively, it makes them dependent on external funding and (mis)use youth as unpaid labour.
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| 4. |
- Jha, Rishi
(författare)
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Unsettled City: Neoliberal redevelopment, state crisis, slum resettlement & biopolitical struggle in Mumbai
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation concerns capitalist urban redevelopment and the government of urban housing poverty. It examines the ways urban redevelopment regimes shape resettlements and governance of urban populations in Mumbai. The specific enquiries focus on salient accumulative and dispossessive dimensions of urban redevelopment and linked resettlement construction, the reformation of informal politics of the poor, and possibilities of reordering renewal and resettlement governance processes. These enquiries are addressed through an ethnographic exploration of two mega-projects: transport expansion and pipeline securitization, two resettlement townships, and their multi-scalar and multi-site sociopolitical dynamisms. The theoretical framework of “redevelopment as governmentality” guides analysis connecting macro-institutional practices and their human consequences.This is a compilation dissertation with a Kappa (comprehensive discussion) and four sole-authored journal articles. The dissertation makes four major contributions: First, urban redevelopment regimes employ an extractive-inclusive political economy in resettlement housing developments, which promotes urban growth. This is beyond facilitative or welfarist rehousing linked with displacement-based dispossession. The underlying political-economic logics, and institutional and policy frameworks also shape the life-allowing and limiting materiality of resettlement. Second, state and NGO-mediated resettlements employ unconditional urban displacements through strategies that speak of institutional violence, coercion, and abandonment, but are coated with the hope of inclusion and aspirational formal urban living. Uneven sociopolitical outcomes include contested formalization, widespread institutional vulnerabilities, and arbitrary post-dispossession rule. Third, state powers in redevelopment are complicit in creating death-allowing settlement forms and environmental concerns, and subjecting populations to them. Inhabiting such violent materialities exposes the embedded deadly powers, through life-compromising living. Inhabitation also leads to a new outlook of resistance and negotiation that redefines the politics of human lives at the urban margins. Fourth, the state bureaucracy maintains life-constraining post-resettlement scenarios and biopolitical struggles through arbitrary, informalized, humanistic interventions, and using a new vocabulary of urban habitability. This life-compromising subjection, however, also impacts urban renewal and allows some alternative rehousing. Overall, the dissertation shows certain contradictory outcomes of urban renewal and population governance in the making of the urban imaginary and modernity.
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| 5. |
- Caldenby, Claes, 1946
(författare)
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Från slum till världsarv
- 2004
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten 1.6 2004..
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Adama, Onyanta, 1961-
(författare)
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Slum upgrading in the era of World-Class city construction : the case of Lagos, Nigeria
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1946-3138 .- 1946-3146. ; 12:2, s. 219-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper examines the tensions that accompany slum upgrading in the era of world-class city construction. The focus is a slum upgrading project in Lagos, Nigeria. The paper observes the intertwining of modernist and neoliberal ideologies in world-class city construction and in slum upgrading projects. The entanglement centres on a number of shared interests; the prioritization of infrastructure and notions about urban space, participation and citizenship. As documented, the project and by extension world-class city construction fails to acknowledge the livelihoods of the poor and is undermined by protests. Historical legacies and systemic failings of governance present additional obstacles. The paper seeks to broaden the scope of world-class city research by acknowledging the local context, but at the same time recognizing the global links. Along these lines, the paper suggests that slum upgrading provides an opportunity to examine how the local is inserted into the global.
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| 7. |
- Fåhraeus, Cecilia
(författare)
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The geography of women’s informal entrepreneurial activities in urban Zambia: place, mobility and locational decision-making
- 2024
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Ingår i: IDPR. International Development Planning Review. - 1474-6743 .- 1478-3401. ; 46:3, s. 297-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Informal entrepreneurship constitutes an essential source of income for women in sub-Saharan Africa. Research has indicated the importance of location to the productivity of informal enterprises, yet we know little about the geography of African women’s entrepreneurial activities and associated decision-making. This article studies how female slum dwellers in Lusaka organise their entrepreneurial activities spatially and how they justify associated locational choices. The study found a substantial variety in spatial arrangements although proximity to the home often took precedence over other business-related considerations. The ability to overcome or take advantage of geography when carrying out business was clearly bound up in wider relationships pertaining to gender, poverty and regulatory frameworks. Important factors contributing to satisfying business-related locational needs included a strong intra-household bargaining position, the ability to outsource reproductive work, social networks, access to financial resources and uneven regulation of space in the residential settlement.
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| 8. |
- Wamsler, Christine
(författare)
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Bridging the gaps: stakeholder-based strategies for risk reduction and financing for the urban poor
- 2007
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Ingår i: Environment & Urbanization. - : SAGE Publications. - 1746-0301 .- 0956-2478. ; 19:1, s. 115-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the options that can be used by aid organizations working in human settlement development to more effectively address disaster risk management. Qualitative research was carried out in El Salvador at both the household and institutional levels - to analyze the needs, capacities and perspectives of slum dwellers and aid organizations. A clearer understanding of the gaps between what households need and undertake to deal with disasters and risk, and how organizations support them, yields important insights for the restructuring of development aid. At the household level, the research reveals a huge variety of crucial but somewhat weak coping strategies. At the institutional level, organizational structures and mechanisms for social housing provision and financing offer a potentially powerful platform for tackling disaster risk. However, current project measures are insufficient. Support for and scaling up of selected household coping strategies, combined with the expansion of social housing funding mechanisms for risk reduction and financing, are some of the options proposed for targeting aid.
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| 9. |
- Grundström, Karin
(författare)
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Periferins micrópolis - genus, rum och fattigdom i Costa Rica
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I urbaniseringens fotspår materialiseras fattigdomen i slum, kåkstäder och favelas i städer värl-den över. Trots millenniemålen om att minska antalet invånare som lever i slum, visar statistik från FN-Habitat att urbaniseringstakten ökar och att städernas fattiga idag utgör en fjärdedel av världens stadsinvånare. Fattigdomen i städer och den undermåliga byggda miljö människor tvingas leva i, denna fattigdomens arkitektur, är ett stort och växande problem. Den pågående urbaniseringen av fattigdom har genererat forskning och debatt där kvinnor ofta framhålls som de mest utsatta och sårbara för den urbana fattigdomen och den usla materiella standard som människor tvingas leva i. Denna avhandling är en utforskning av fattiga kvinnors egna erfarenheter i en stadsutveckling som sker med en koncentration av städernas fattiga invånare i specifika stadsdelar. Studien ba-seras på fältarbete i två stadsdelar i metropolen San José i Costa Rica. Avhandlingen belyser två pågående processer där fattigdomen å ena sidan koncentreras inom vissa stadsdelar, men där å andra sidan vardagliga praktiker är del i de boendes strävan att appropriera rum för att förbättra sin livsmiljö. Studien visar hur multiplicerande rumsliga effekter samverkar till att skapa periferins micrópo-lis. Periferins micrópolis utgör en egen stad centrerad mot sig själv i en fragmenterad stadsbild inom en storstadsregion. Detta innebär en koncentration av en befolkning som har sin fattigdom gemensamt och är hänvisade till att erbjuda varandra service, tjänster och handel. I periferins micrópolis förekommer en rumslig fattigdom som för många kvinnors resulterar i reducerat till-träde till staden, risk att fattigdomen förstärks, brist på urban erfarenhet samt en exkludering från det urbana livets komplexitet. Samtidigt sker i periferins micrópolis förhandlingar om rum som syftar till att behärska rum-met trots den fattigdom som kvinnor lever i. Avhandlingen visar på tre sätt att organisera var-dagslivet; länkade interiörer, multifunktionella interiörer och dikotoma interiörer. Studien visar på hur kvinnor i vardagen konstruerar rum som överskrider genderiserade gränser och hur kvin-nor approprierar rum i syfte att erhålla olika former av rumslig profit. Även i periferins micrópolis förekommer praktiker för att förbättra både den byggda miljön och den kollektiva och individu-ella sociala positionen hos invånarna. Kvinnors rumsliga förhandlingar är en central fråga i den process varigenom fattiga stadsdelar över åren förbättras och deras praktiker synliggör kunskap om brister och krav på fattigdomen arkitektur.
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| 10. |
- Kejerfors, Johan
(författare)
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Parenting in urban slum areas : families with children in a shantytown of Rio de Janeiro
- 2007
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a study of parenting and child development in a slum area in a developing part of the world. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to explore the physical and social contexts for parenting in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro using an ecological perspective. The second aim was to examine parenting and subsequent child outcomes among a sample of families living in the shantytown. The third aim was to explore what factors contribute to differences among parents in how they nurture and protect their children. The theoretical framework of the study was an updated version of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Using self-report questionnaires developed by Rohner, data on perceived parental acceptance–rejection were collected from 72 families with adolescents 12–14 years old, representing approx. 75% of all households with children in this age group in the shantytown. Besides self-report questionnaires, each adolescent’s main caregiver replied to several standardized questionnaires developed by Garbarino et al., eliciting demographic and social-situational data about the family, neighborhood, and wider community. The results of the study paint a complex portrait of the social living conditions of the parents and children. Despite many difficulties, most parents seemed to raise their children with loving care. The results from the self-report questionnaires indicate that the majority of the adolescents perceived substantial parental acceptance. The adolescents’ experience of greater or lesser parental acceptance–rejection seems to influence their emotional and behavioral functioning; it also seems to be related to their school attendance. Much of the variation in degree of perceived acceptance–rejection seems to be related both to characteristics of the individual adolescents and their main caregiver(s) and to influences from the social and environmental context in which they and their caregivers interact and live their lives.
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