| 1. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative masculinity? : Catholic missionaries in Scandinavia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Christian masculinity : Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries - Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. - : Leuven University Press. - 9789461664280 - 9789058678737 ; 8, s. 165-187
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter deals with Italian Barnabites and German Jesuits working as missionaries in the Nordic countries and the ideals of clerical masculinity that they represented. The Barnabites were important in the initial phase of the Catholic missionary activity in the 1860s and 1870s, whereas the Jesuits, ostensibly the most fervent defenders of ultramontane confessionalism, held a dominant position in the Swedish and Danish church in the ensuing period. The humble, pious, obedient, and self-sacrificing ideals of manliness expressed in the reports of these celibate missionaries stood in sharp contrast not only to modern Protestant ideas of manhood, but also to the prevailing middle-class understanding of masculinity. Similar perspectives are also found in Catholic magazines, in which male saints are described as being just as pious and eager to live up to the religious virtues as female saints. But in a Catholic understanding, the question was not about male and female ideals, but about Christian ideals and their absence.
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| 2. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Ars moriendi i kampen om det goda samhället
- 2004
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Ingår i: Döden som katharsis : Nordiska perspektiv på dödens kultur och mentalitetshistoria - Nordiska perspektiv på dödens kultur och mentalitetshistoria. - 9122020810 ; :71, s. 153-178
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article deals with the view on death and cure of dying persons in Scandinavia from the middle of the 19th century up to the present. In this period, there is a change from a Christian understanding of death as a transition to eternal life to the present, secularised attitude. This development was, however, not clear-cut. There was a trend towards secularisation but at the same time, there were also strong revivalist movements and ecclesiastical mobilisation. The liberalisation of the former severe laws on religion in Scandinavia opened the way for the re-establishment of the Catholic Church and thus also for Catholic orders and congregations. Christian revivalism inspired to greater efforts in the field of health-care, and the three traditions that forms the base of modern health-care, represented by Catholic religious congregations, by Protestant deaconesses and by Florence Nightingale, are all built on Christian thought. Therefore great importance was attached to the care of the seriously sick and dying, and in the background, we find the Christian ars moriendi tradition, i.e. the idea that man has to die reconciled with Good. At the hospitals of the Protestant deaconesses and of the Catholic sisters, where health-care was connected with evangelisation, great efforts were made to secure a Christian preparation before dead. The idea of a Christian motivation of health-care was long maintained also at the public hospitals, not least in the nursing care of dying patients. At the beginning at the 20th century, however, the religious motivation was tuned down in favour of medical and psychological aspects. Here we can discern three phases. During the first phase, the care for salvation played a central role in the nursing care of the seriously sick and dying patients. In the next phase, which goes to the beginning of the 1960s and is characterised by an increasing medicalisation, the religious aspect was successively diminished and then, in the last phase, almost totally disappeared from the public discourse. This means, somewhat strained, that the Christian ars moriendi with salvation and eternal life in focus has been replaced with a care strategy aiming to make the dying as imperceptible as possible. Interpreted in term of katharsis one could say that the cathartic process has been transferred from the spiritual to the corporal area. If the Christian tradition had stressed the importance of purifying the soul from sin, the striving was now to deliberate the dying person from the conscious of its own dead. Since the 1970s the medicalised health cares, foremost the care at the end of life, has met growing critics, and the need for spiritual dimensions have been pointed out. Within the palliative nursing care, this change of perspective is especially evident. This has led to the emergence of a new form of care for incurable and dying person called hospice. Here, however, the focus is not on the ars moriendi but rather on the ars curandi, the right way the give nursing care.
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| 3. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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European Anti-Catholicism in Comparative and Transnational Perspective : The Role of a Unifying Other: An Introduction
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Anti-Catholicism in a Comparative and Transnational Perspective. - : BRILL. - 9789042037076 ; 31, s. 13-22
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this volume is to show how different national contexts affected the proliferation of anti-Catholic messages over the course of four centuries of European history, from 1600 to 2000. Factors such as the legal status of various faiths and their opportunities for proselytising, the relation between state and church, transnational cultural relations, and the development of different media and channels for communication all provide clues as to the general patterns governing anti-Catholicism as a societal force.
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| 4. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Female Counter-Culture and Catholic Mission: The Sister of Saint Joseph in Denmark and Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nuns and Sisters in the Nordic Countries after the Reformation. A Female Counter-Culture in Modern Society. - 9185424803
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is dealing with the work of a Catholic St Joseph Sisters in the Nordic countries, particularly in Denmark and Sweden, from the sisters’ arrival in 1856 to the 1920:ies. These Catholic sisters belonged to a French congregation called La Congregation des Sœurs de Saint-Joseph de Chambéry, which was founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century and whose motherhouse was in Chambéry in Savoy. The Chambéry congregation was the second female religious congregation to be established in the Nordic countries since the Reformation and the most successful. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were around 800 St Joseph Sisters living in communities spread throughout the Nordic countries. The congregation developed a broad range of activities in the fields of health care and school education, which were all part of the Catholic Church’s effort to bring the Nordic people back to the Catholic Church. The majority of the sisters came from Catholic countries, mainly from France and Germany. The work of the St Joseph Sisters, as well as the reactions they encountered, provide an instructive example of the differences and antagonism that existed between “Catholic” and Protestant-influenced “Nordic” values and outlook. In my presentation, I will take into consideration the counter-cultural role of the then Catholicism in modern society. From a Nordic point of view, Catholicism appeared as a counter-culture in a double sense. It not only represented an alternative worldview but also an unfamiliar belief system that many regarded as a threat to their Protestant-influenced national culture. Catholic religious orders were considered as particularly dangerous, not least female ones. They represented an alien form of women’s culture in a society, where the Lutheran doctrine of vocation with its stress on women’s maternal and domestic duties was still an indispensable part of the prevailing social norm system.
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| 5. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Feminin manlighet? Katolska missionärer i Norden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Kristen manlighet. Ideal och verklighet 1840-1940. - 9789185509003
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article deals with the construction of manliness and male ideals within Nordic Catholicism at the end of the 19th century. In the first par the conflict around the so-called Arctic Apostolic Prefecture erected in the 1850s is analysed in a gender perspective, the second part deals with the Nordic mission of the Italian Barnabites, a male congregation erected in the 16th century. Special attention is paid to the relationship between Nordic and foreign, Catholicism and Protestantism, and how these categorisations were freighted with manliness and womanliness respectively. So, what were these "Catholic" ideals of manliness? How were they related to ideas about manliness, evident within the established Nordic churches? Up to the Second Vatican Council, regulated religious life was an integral part of the comprehensive Catholic ideology that appeared in opposition against, and as an alternative to, the liberal social and political order that developed during the nineteenth century. Catholicism thus developed into a counter-culture with obvious anti-modern traits. The religious were at the forefront of this Catholic system, and regulated religious life was regarded as the most consummate expression of Catholic piety. It represented the Catholic counter-culture in its most radical form, which explains why the harsh conflicts between church and state that occurred in many countries at that time chiefly affected religious orders. In Protestant countries such as the Nordic, Catholicism appeared as a counter-culture in a double sense. It not only represented an alternative worldview but also an unfamiliar belief system that many regarded as a threat to their Protestant-influenced national culture. Catholic religious orders and congregations were considered as particularly dangerous. Most of the Catholic missionaries working in the Scandinavian countries were women religious, belonging to different orders and congregations. The clergy consisted partly of secular priest, most of them trained at the priest seminary of Propaganda Fide in Rome, partly by members of male religious institutes. The leading women religious and almost all the priests continuously sent letters and reports to Propaganda Fide, respectively to their superiors or fellow religious. This correspondence gives a good picture of missionary strategies, feelings and opinions, and reflects ideals, visions and identities. It is a humble, pious, obedient, strong in character and self-sacrificing kind of priestly manliness emerging in the correspondence analysed. In a classical Christian context these ideals are common to all mankind and exceeding gender boarders. If we compare with contemporary middle-class liberal or Protestant discourses on masculinity, we find that the countertypes are the same, while the Catholic ideals from this point of view appear as womanly.
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| 6. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Inledning till antologin "Döden som katharsis"
- 2004
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Ingår i: Döden som katharsis. Nordiska perspektiv på dödens kultur och mentalitetshistoria. - 9122020810
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nuns and Sisters in the Nordic Countries after the Reformation. A Female Counter-Culture in Modern Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 9185424803 ; 35, s. 65-85
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Kristen manlighet i teori och praxis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Kristen manlighet. Ideal och verklighet 18430-1940. - 9789185509003
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Självmord i det stora nordiska krigets skugga : En analys av självspillingsmålen vid Göta hovrätt 1695-1718
- 1998
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Ingår i: Den frivilliga döden : Samhällets hantering av självmord i historiskt perspektiv - Samhällets hantering av självmord i historiskt perspektiv. - 9189091094 ; , s. 31-100
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I artikeln behandlas självmordsproblematiken i ett historiskt perspektiv med konkreta exempel från den svenska stormaktstidens slutskede. Undersökningsområdet är Göta hovrätts dåva-rande jurisdiktionsområde, d.v.s. de skånska landskapen, Småland, Öster- och Västergötland samt Bohus län. Konkret syftar undersökningen till att belysa och förklara orsaker och motiv, attityder och förhållningssätt till självmord. I centrum står frågan om vad som drev människor vid denna tid att ta sitt liv, vilka reaktioner dessa självmord utlöste från samhällets sida och vilka kriterier man använde för att avgöra vad som var och inte var självmord. Vid tolkningen spelar också begravningen en viktig roll. Det var genom begravningsformen som samhället markerade sitt avståndstagande från självmord. Jag använder självmordsfallen som en social spegel. De ger upplysning om ekonomiskt elände, sjukdomar, våld och övergrepp – men också om hur man från samhällets sida försökte åtgärda dessa missförhållanden. Att självmorden kom att dras in under den världsliga rättvisan ser jag som ett led i den allmäneuropeiska moderniserings- och disciplineringsprocess som ägde rum vid denna tid och som bland annat tog sig uttryck i en starkare kontroll från centralmaktens sida. Vidare konstaterar jag en förändrad attityd till självmord från de styrandes sida, vilket i sin tur sammanhängde med en förändrad syn på brott och straff. De religiösa referensramarna försvann successivt ur den juridiska vokabulären, och statsintresset började ersätta religionen som norm för lagstiftningen. Under 1700-talet fick preventionen mot självmord en inomvärldslig karaktär och det eskatologiska perspektivet trädde i bakgrunden.
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| 10. |
- Werner, Yvonne Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Studying Christian masculinity : An introduction
- 2011
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Ingår i: Christian masculinity : Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries - Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. - : Leuven University Press. - 9789058678737 - 9789461664280 ; 8, s. 7-18
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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