| 1. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-
(författare)
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On the Early History Museum Environment Control : Nationalmuseum and Gripsholm Castle in Sweden, c. 1866-1932
- 2011
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 56:2, s. 125-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the fact that there have been investigations into the historical development of indoor climate recommendations, to date verylittle research has been carried out on how climate control in museums was actually implemented in the past. This article examinesthe development of climate control in two Swedish museum buildings up until the 1930s: Nationalmuseum and GripsholmCastle. Nationalmuseum was erected to make the state collections more accessible to the public and to provide monitoring andcentral heating. At that time knowledge of climatic conditions in museums was tacit and based on personal experience ratherthan on scientific studies. However, in the early twentieth century the problem of managing museum climate increased as curatorsbecame more aware of the dehydrating effects of central heating on panels and polychrome wood. The first successful attemptsto automatically control indoor climate were carried out at Gripsholm in the 1920s. The focus was then on monitoring andcontrolling temperature rather than relative humidity, but these early attempts also showed that extreme levels of humidity couldbe avoided in an environment that had never been designed for permanent heating. This article examines attempts at managingindoor climate between the 1860s and the 1930s.
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| 2. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Kulturarvet och komforten : Inomhusklimatet och förvaltningen av kulturhistoriska byggnader och samlingar 1850-1985
- 2015. - 1
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Med stigande energipriser och medvetenhet om energianvändningens påverkan på klimatet behöver institutioner som förvaltar kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader och samlingar tänka strategiskt om inomhusklimat. Trots att frågan om inomhusklimat sedan slutet av 1800-talet har varit central för trivsel, hälsa och bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefulla hus och föremålssamlingar har dessa mål varit svåra att förena. Hur har beslut fattats om vilken teknik som ska användas? Hur har maktförhållandena sett ut mellan de aktörer som byggt, förvaltat och brukat byggnaderna? Och hur har besluten påverkat byggnaderna och samlingarna? Genom att förstå inomhusklimat och komfort som ett samspel mellan människor och materiella resurser bidrar boken med viktiga kunskaper om vår syn på och tillämpning av värme- och ventilationsteknik i kulturhistoriska miljöer. Boken bygger på omfattande undersökningar av bevarat arkivmaterial som behandlar kyrkor, museer, arkiv och bibliotek. Den är relevant för arkitekter, fastighetsförvaltare, ingenjörer, konservatorer, antikvarier, forskare och studenter som är intresserade av drift och vård av äldre byggnader. Mattias Legnér är docent i historia och professor i kulturvård vid Uppsala universitet. Han har publicerat ett antal vetenskapliga artiklar och konferensbidrag om både historiska och sentida försök att styra inomhusklimatet i kyrkor och museala byggnader. Mia Geijer är fil dr i arkitekturhistoria och bebyggelseantikvarie. Hon har ägnat sin forskning åt teman som rör det byggda kulturarvets bruk och förvaltning.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Legnér, Mattias, Professor, 1973-
(författare)
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Not Just a Summer Temple : The Development of Conservation and Indoor Climate in Nationalmuseum, Sweden
- 2019. - 1
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Ingår i: Addressing the Climate in Modern Age's Construction History. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030044640 ; , s. 147-169
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionThis essay examines the building and management of Nationalmuseum in Stockholm. Today the building has just recently been reopened after years of renovation and fitting of a new system that will control the indoor climate. This means deep interventions in a nineteenth-century building that was not designed to be airtight or to be heated all year around. The renovation gives a reason to ponder on how the building originally was designed and constructed, but also how it was managed over time. The climate of the house has been an issue ever since the building was constructed in the early years of the 1860s. It was fitted with a central heating system already then, but the building proved difficult to heat in winter and to ventilate in summer. There were continuous problems with dehydration of organic materials in the art collections in winter-time, and with too much sunlight exposing fragile art in the warmer season. Curiously, the introduction of artificial humidification first around 1930 and then again in the 1950s did not solve the problem of dehydration. On the contrary climate problems became ever more complex around the mid-20thcentury because of the introduction of motor traffic with its exhausts, and increasing demands on a stable indoor climate in art museums. How did museums balance the needs of their collections, against the needs of staff and visitors? What considerations where made when choosing heating and ventilation for a museum at this time? In order to illuminate these questions, archival sources from Nationalmuseum, Riksarkivet (National State Archives) and the engineering and architectural company SWECO have been used. Överintendentsämbetet (Board of Public Works and Buildings, abbreviated ÖIÄ) was the custodian of government buildings, followed by Kungliga Byggnadsstyrelsen (Board of Building and Planning, abbreviated KBS) after an organizational shift in 1918. The museum was thus responsible for the management of its collections but not of its building. Until 1939 there was also a second museum housed in the bottom floor: Statens Historiska Museum, the National Historical Museum. If the museum had a complaint on the performance of the building or the heating system, it would have to notify ÖIÄ (or KBS after 1918), which then would decide how to act. Judging by archive sources, it becomes evident that ÖIÄ had small means to make more demanding interventions in existing buildings, and often complaints seem to have been more or less ignored because of lack of resources. By studying the correspondence it is possible to gain a better understanding of how museum management perceived indoor climate and how ÖIÄ responded. The purpose of the essay is to explore how the construction and management of the indoor climate was shaped by technological development and how views on the running of a museum building shifted. Nationalmuseum was fitted with a hot water central heating system. In the early 1860s this was something hardly heard of in Sweden at this time. In general, the central heating systems used at that time were caloriphers, furnaces that heated the air that was then circulated through the building. There were firms in Stockholm installing piping, but none of them was considered competent enough to do the installations in Nationalmuseum. Most entrepreneurs in Stockholm worked with gas piping, not with water or sewer piping.[1]In the early 1860s it was still not evident that a public building should be equipped with this kind of heating, despite the relatively long and cold winters in Stockholm. Public buildings in general were heated with local fireplaces, most often tile stoves produced in the city. Today it is well known that control of indoor climate is key to the management of collections. Too much heat makes the air dry, which may cause damage to fragile objects such as paintings on panels or wooden furniture with veneer. Too little heat makes the air very humid, which promotes mold, vermin, corrosion and rot. What is considered "too little" or "too much", however, has changed since the nineteenth century.[2]The essay explores why central heating was installed in the museum, what the expectations on its functioning were, and how building and museum management (they were – and are – separate from each other) continuously commented on its performance in the decades following the opening of the museum, up until the 1970s when air pollution had become a serious problem demanding a technical solution.[1]G. Stålbom, Varmt och vädrat. VVS-teknik i äldre byggnader, Sveriges VVS Museum – SBUF – VVS Företagen, Stockholm 2010, 15. In 1861 Stockholm opened its first waterworks with 30 km of piping. [2]M. Legnér, "Conservation versus thermal comfort – conflicting interests?: The issue of church heating, Sweden c. 1918–1975",Konsthistorisk Tidskrift 2014 (e-publication ahead of print).
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| 5. |
- Bylund Melin, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between heating energy and cumulative damage to painted wood in historic churches
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Institute of Conservation. - London : Routledge. - 1945-5224 .- 1945-5232. ; :3, s. 94-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing research on climate-induced damage needs to be verified by actual observations in authentic environments. This article suggests a complementary method to relate the historic and present indoor climate to damage on painted wooden objects in historic churches. Energy consumption, as revealed by archival sources, is used as a substitute for climate records, on the assumption that higher temperature and therefore lower relative humidity will occur more frequently in churches with greater expenses for fuel. The quantified energy consumption is related to damage of wood and the painted layers of pulpits in 16 churches. There is a slight correlation between damage to the paint on the pulpits and energy released in the churches. However larger populations are needed for this type of enquiry to be further developed and extended.
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| 6. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-
(författare)
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Gammal fråga kan få nytt svar
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energi & miljö : tidskrift för VVS, inneklimat och VA. - Stockholm : Förlags AB VVS. - 1101-0568. ; 83:9, s. 62-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hur ett stabilt museiklimat ska kunna skapas blir en av de viktigaste frågorna i den kommande renoveringen av Nationalmuseum. När Nationalmuseum byggdes uppfattades det som mycket viktigt att museet kunde värmas men också att värmen inte fick skada byggnaden eller samlingarna. I själva verket har uppvärmningen av huset varit ett långvarigt bekymmer.
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| 7. |
- Broström, Tor, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Inneklimat i kyrkor förr och nu
- 2014
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Ingår i: Från Gutabygd 2014. - Visby : Gotlands Hembygdsförbunds förlag. - 9789198135510 ; , s. 117-138
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 8. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The historical indoor climate : A long-term approach to conservation environments within heritage buildings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Online Proceedings of the Conference. - Milano : Politecnico di Milano. ; , s. 1321-1328
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of archival sources and architectural analysis in tracing the indoor climate history of an historic building such as an old museum, a church or a palace. References to past indoor climate have often been used either to defend status quo or to justify radical changes in the climate control of a building.The concept of historical climate can be used in many different contexts. In the field of conservation, it has recently been defined by the European standard EN15757:2010 as the “climatic conditions in a microenvironment where a cultural heritage object has always been kept, or has been kept for a long period of time (at least one year) and to which it has become acclimatized”. Unlike many previous environmental standards, the priority is here not so much in specifying hygrothermal ranges, but in measuring the existing climatic conditions and in understanding whether the environment to which a cultural object has been exposed for a long period of time is harmful or not. As a consequence the focus should be shifted to the climatic history of the object, intended as the complex set of interactions developed throughout an extended period of time between a cultural object, its environment and the surrounding architec- ture. The term “conservation environment” introduced in this paper proposes a development of the analysis by including outdoor and indoor climate and the microenvironments which can influence buildings and artworks.When a cultural object is preserved within a historic building, further questions arise: which climate control strategies determined the conditions of conservation environments in the past? On what grounds were these strategies chosen and subsequently used? Which were their consequences on the conservation of cultural objects and buildings? To answer these questions environmental data gathered by indoor climate monitoring are useful but they are obviously not enough. A critical analysis of historical sources has proved to be a constructive way forward.
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| 9. |
- Bylund Melin, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification, the link to relate climate-induced damage to indoor environments in historic buildings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Climate for Collections: Standards and Uncertainties. Postprints of the Munich Climate Conference 7 to 9 November 2012. Jonathan Ashley-Smith, Andreas Burmester and Melanie Eible (eds.). Archetype Publisher Ltd. London. - 9783000422522 - 9781909492004 ; , s. 311-323
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes and applies a method to quantify and relate damage of painted wooden pulpits in 16 churches in Gotland, Sweden, to both the current and the historical indoor climate of the twentieth century. In addition, it demonstrates that the energy used to heat a church in the past can be measured and the study also points towards a relationship between damage and heat output. The results suggest that more damage is present in churches with a higher heat output and there is increased damage in churches using background heating compared to churches that do not. However, the method needs to be improved and a larger population is required to validate these results.
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| 10. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Heating regimes in old Swedish churches, c. 1880-1980
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cultural Heritage Preservation. - Oslo : Norsk Institutt for luftforskning NILU. - 9788242525253 ; , s. 90-98
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper will highlight the use of heating regimes throughout the twentieth century both in large cathedrals and rural churches of medieval origin in Sweden. How have norms of thermal comfort been balanced against conservation needs of the buildings, their interiors and valuable objects? The choice of heating regime in an old church can be seen as a negotiation between different stakeholders. Together these voices have been articulating a discourse on indoor climate since the late nineteenth century when churches in Sweden were first heated.The historical indoor climate in churches is poorly known but often referred to in discussions on what kind of heating and climate is suitable for interiors and their artifacts. This is why it is important to collect empirically based knowledge on the features of the past climate. The historical indoor climate is shaped by several factors. Here we look at heating regimes, meaning how heating and ventilation systems have been selected, designed and used.By studying decision making regarding the choice of regimes and also what experience was drawn from the application of technology we will better understand the priorities made between comfort and conservation aims and how scientific knowledge has been used (or not used) to reach these aims.
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