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- Blomberg, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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The role of affective meaning, semantic associates, and orthographic neighbours in modulating the N400 in single words
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Mental Lexicon. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1871-1340 .- 1871-1375. ; 15:2, s. 161-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The N400 has been seen to be larger for concrete than abstract words, and for pseudowords than real words. Using a word vector analysis to calculate semantic associates (SA), as well as ratings for emotional arousal (EA), and a measure of orthographic neighbourhood (ON), the present study investigated the relation between these factors and N400 amplitudes during a lexical decision task using Swedish word stimuli. Four noun categories differing in concreteness: specific (squirrel), GENERAL (animal) emotional (happiness) and abstract (tendency) were compared with pseudowords (danalod). Results showed that N400 amplitudes increased in the order emotional < abstract < GENERAL < specific < PSEUDOWORD. A regression analysis showed that the amplitude of the N400 decreased the more semantic associates a word had and the higher the rating for emotional arousal it had. The N400 also increased the more orthographic neighbours a word had. Results provide support for the hierarchical organisation of concrete words assumed in lexical semantics. They also demonstrate how affective information facilitates meaning processing.
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- Wengelin, Åsa, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Capturing writers’ typing while visually attending the emerging text: a methodological approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 37, s. 265-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge about writers’ eye movements and their effects on the writing process, and its product—the finally edited text—is still limited. Previous research has demonstrated that there are differences between reading texts written by someone else and reading one’s own emerging text and that writers frequently look back into their own texts (Torrance et al. in Psychol Res Psychologische Forschung 80(5):729–743, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0683-8). For handwriting, Alamargot et al. (Writing and cognition: research and applications. Elsevier Science, pp 13–29, 2007) found support that these lookbacks could occur in parallel with transcription, but to our knowledge this type of parallel processing has not been explored further, and definitely not in the context of computer writing. Considering that language production models are moving away from previous sequential or serial models (e.g., Levelt in Speaking from intentions to articulation. MIT Press, 1989) towards models in which linguistic processes can operate in parallel (Olive in J Writ Res, 2014. https://doi.org/10.17239/jowr-2014.06.02.4), this is slightly surprising. In the present paper, we introduce a methodological approach to examine writers’ parallel processing in which we take our point of departure in visual attention rather than in the keystrokes. Capitalizing on New ScriptLog’s feature to link gaze with typing across different functional units in the writing task, we introduce and describe a method to capture and examine sequences of typing during fixations, outline how these can be examined in relation to each other, and test our approach by exploring typing during fixations in a text composition task with 14 competent adult writers.
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- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Word prominence ratings in Swedish television news readings : Effects of pitch accents and head movements
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody. - : International Speech Communication Association. - 2333-2042. ; , s. 314-318, s. 314-318
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prosodic prominence is a multimodal phenomenon where pitch accents are frequently aligned with visible movements by the hands, head, or eyebrows. However, little is known about how such movements function as visible prominence cues in multimodal speech perception with most previous studies being restricted to experimental settings. In this study, we are piloting the acquisition of multimodal prominence ratings for a corpus of natural speech (Swedish television news readings). Sixteen short video clips (218 words) of news readings were extracted from a larger corpus and rated by 44 native Swedish adult volunteers using a web-based set-up. The task was to rate each word in a clip as either non-prominent, moderately prominent or strongly prominent based on audiovisual cues. The corpus was previously annotated for pitch accents and head movements. We found that words realized with a pitch accent and head movement tended to receive higher prominence ratings than words with a pitch accent only. However, we also examined ratings for a number of carefully selected individual words, and these case studies suggest that ratings are affected by complex relations between the presence of a head movement and its type of alignment, the word's F0 profile, and semantic and pragmatic factors.
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- Frid, Johan
(författare)
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Lexical and Acoustic Modelling of Swedish Prosody
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prosody and intonation are very important ingredients of human speech. In speech technology, text-to-speech (TTS) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems must incorporate prosodic models in order to reach acceptable performances. We contribute to the modelling of Swedish prosody in a speech technology context from lexical and acoustic angles. Three aspects of lexical prosodic modelling are studied. We sketch a model for handling prosody in 'non-standard' words and then we perform a study of Swedish word stress. In a larger study, we build a CART-based system for the prediction of pronunciation from orthography. By using a letter-by-letter prediction method, allophones are correctly predicted in 96.87%, and whole words in 72.26% of the cases. For prosody, predictions based on whole-word features perform better: location of primary stress is correct in 88.6% and word accent in 87.7%. In the acoustic modelling section, we first present two surveys: one with special reference to previous work on TTS-related intonation modelling of Swedish and one on intonation modelling in general, with special emphasis on stylization models. Our own work is concerned with the development of a system for the generation of F0 contours from phonological intonation labels. In the other survey, we describe some of the more influential intonation models in the field. This review leads to the selection of two of the models for our continued work in the thesis: a stylization-based model, where temporal and frequency information is extracted directly from actual F0 contours, and Taylor's tilt model, which parameterizes the contours using a mathematical function. The stylization model is then used in building a data-driven method for the generation of pitch patterns in Swedish content words. The model is able to produce pitch contours that closely approach real ones, but the performance varies with the complexity of the pitch patterns. Both models are used in the final study. This is concerned with the automatic identification and classification of dialect, word accent categories and prominence levels in Swedish data. Material from almost 100 dialects and 250 speakers is used to build a model that predicts these features from F0 contours. For material from the whole Swedish-speaking area, the best results for word accent, prominence level and regional dialect type are 79.3%, 62.2% and 59.1% correct, respectively. For individual villages, word accent data can be classified correctly with an accuracy of more than 90%.
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- Hjortdal, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Swift Prosodic Modulation of Lexical Access : Brain Potentials From Three North Germanic Language Varieties
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. - 1558-9102. ; 67:2, s. 400-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: According to most models of spoken word recognition, listeners probabilistically activate a set of lexical candidates, which is incrementally updated as the speech signal unfolds. Speech carries segmental (speech sound) as well as suprasegmental (prosodic) information. The role of the latter in spoken word recognition is less clear. We investigated how suprasegments (tone and voice quality) in three North Germanic language varieties affected lexi-cal access by scrutinizing temporally fine-grained neurophysiological effects of lexical uncertainty and information gain. Method: Three event-related potential (ERP) studies were reanalyzed. In all vari-eties investigated, suprasegments are associated with specific word endings. Swedish has two lexical “word accents” realized as pitch falls with different tim-ings across dialects. In Danish, the distinction is in voice quality. We combined pronunciation lexica and frequency lists to calculate estimates of lexical uncer-tainty about an unfolding word and information gain upon hearing a supraseg-mental cue and the segment upon which it manifests. We used single-trial mixed-effects regression models run every 4 ms. Results: Only lexical uncertainty showed solid results: a frontal effect at 150–400 ms after suprasegmental cue onset and a later posterior effect after 200 ms. While a model including only segmental information mostly performed better, it was outperformed by the suprasegmental model at 200–330 ms at frontal sites. Conclusions: The study points to suprasegmental cues contributing to lexical access over and beyond segments after around 200 ms in the North Germanic varieties investigated. Furthermore, the findings indicate that a previously reported “pre-activation negativity” predominantly reflects forward-looking processing.
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