| 1. |
- Fingerhut, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Primary auditory cortex’s vowel representation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fonetik 2021 : Lund, June 8–9, 2021 - Lund, June 8–9, 2021. - 0280-526X. ; 56, s. 33-35
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sound frequencies are represented in the primary auditory cortex (PAC) in a tonotopic structure which can be measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A previous study has investigated vowels[ъ]and [i]and seen a correlation between the vowels¶ activation and the activation of simple tones corresponding to the vowels¶ formant frequencies. Other vowels have not \et been studied. In this study, we are investigating [ъ],[ѓ], [i], and [u]and compared those with activation of simple tones corresponding to their formant frequencies. This is ongoing work, and only five volunteers have participated. The preliminary results vary from high correlation between areas activated to low or no correlation. More data has to be collected to draw any further conclusions.
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| 2. |
- Hjortdal, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Phonemic and subphonemic cues in prediction : Evidence from ERP, eye-tracking and Danish words with and without stødbasis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fonetik 2021 : Lund, June 8–9, 2021 - Lund, June 8–9, 2021. - 0280-526X. ; 56, s. 27-32
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The brain is constantly trying to predict the future and phonological and prosodic cues are used to anticipate forthcoming information. Even cues on the subphonemic level such as vowel transitions, nasalisation and assimilation across word boundaries are useful in anticipating upcoming speech. In event-related potential (ERP) studies examining subphonemic and lexical/phonological mismatches, only the latter yielded N400 effects, an ERP component associated with lexical prediction error. The results indicate that phonetic cues are resolved prelexically. However, subphonemic cues still seem to be used in prediction as evidenced by valid cues yielding faster fixations in eye-tracking studies and invalid cues modulating P600 amplitudes, indicating structural violations and context updating.
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| 3. |
- Roll, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fonetik 2021 : Lund, June 8–9, 2021 - Lund, June 8–9, 2021. - 0280-526X. ; 56
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Blomberg, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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The role of affective meaning, semantic associates, and orthographic neighbours in modulating the N400 in single words
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Mental Lexicon. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1871-1340 .- 1871-1375. ; 15:2, s. 161-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The N400 has been seen to be larger for concrete than abstract words, and for pseudowords than real words. Using a word vector analysis to calculate semantic associates (SA), as well as ratings for emotional arousal (EA), and a measure of orthographic neighbourhood (ON), the present study investigated the relation between these factors and N400 amplitudes during a lexical decision task using Swedish word stimuli. Four noun categories differing in concreteness: specific (squirrel), GENERAL (animal) emotional (happiness) and abstract (tendency) were compared with pseudowords (danalod). Results showed that N400 amplitudes increased in the order emotional < abstract < GENERAL < specific < PSEUDOWORD. A regression analysis showed that the amplitude of the N400 decreased the more semantic associates a word had and the higher the rating for emotional arousal it had. The N400 also increased the more orthographic neighbours a word had. Results provide support for the hierarchical organisation of concrete words assumed in lexical semantics. They also demonstrate how affective information facilitates meaning processing.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Victoria, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Språk och hjärna
- 2013
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Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 6. |
- Kochančikaitė, Renata, et al.
(författare)
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Phonetic and Phonological Variation in Vowel Discrimination Performance : Effect of Swedish Vowel Categories and Dialects
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fonetik 2022 : Fonetik 2022 - the XXXIIIrd Swedish Phonetics Conference - Fonetik 2022 - the XXXIIIrd Swedish Phonetics Conference. - 0282-6690. ; :XXXIII
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Acoustic discrimination of speech sounds is affected by various factors, ranging from more universal acoustic properties of categories to the phoneme systems of the native language and dialect, and even influences from languages learned later in life. A discrimination experiment containing East Central Swedish vowels was carried out with 30 native Swedish listeners in order to explore the variation in vowel discrimination performance. Both phonetic and phonological variables have been found to have an effect on discrimination performance. Peripheral location of vowels in the F1/F2 vowel space was found to increase the discrimination performance. South Swedish dialectal area was associated with a decreased discrimination performance. Continuous exposure to foreign languages otherthan English was not a significant factor.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Roll, Mikael
(författare)
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The predictive function of Swedish word accents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish lexical word accents have been repeatedly said to have a lowfunctional load. Even so, the language has kept these tones ever sincethey emerged probably over a thousand years ago. This article proposesthat the primary function of word accents is for listeners to be ableto predict upcoming morphological structures and narrow down thelexical competition rather than being lexically distinctive. Psycho- andneurophysiological evidence for the predictive function of word accents isdiscussed. A novel analysis displays that word accents have a facilitativerole in word processing. Specifically, a correlation is revealed betweenhow much incorrect word accents hinder listeners’ processing and howmuch they reduce response times when correct. Finally, a dual-route modelof the predictive use of word accents with distinct neural substrates isput forth.
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| 9. |
- Söderström, Pelle, et al.
(författare)
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The use of lexical tone in the segmentation of speech
- 2023
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Ingår i: ; , s. 70-71
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionIn speech, there are no blank spaces to signal boundaries between words as there is in written language, but listeners can nevertheless recognise individual words rapidly. Without these blank spaces or commas, listeners have to divide up – segment – the continuous speech stream into discrete words using other means. This study aimed to investigate the tonal cues important for speech segmentation in Swedish. We know that that different languages use different cues in speech segmentation, such as stress (Norris, McQueen, & Cutler, 1995), syllable weight (Cutler & Norris, 1988) and vowel harmony (Suomi, McQueen, & Cutler, 1997), but we do not yet know the extent to which phonological cues are used in speech segmentation. In English, stressed and metrically strong syllables are heard as more reliable word onsets, leading the parser to initiate a lexical access attempt at these points. Accurate segmentation is crucial since words can always be embedded in larger words, and these spurious embedded words are activated in memory (Luce & Cluff, 1998): the phrase start writing potentially includes star, trite, try, rye and so on (Cutler, 2012). However, no study has yet investigated speech segmentation in languages like Swedish, where prosody systematically combines with morphology. This will allow us to more fully understand universal drivers behind speech segmentation.In Swedish, every word or word stem has a lexical tone known as a word accent, in addition to stress. In Central Swedish, this tone is either low (accent 1) or high (accent 2). All monosyllabic words have accent 1, and the majority of polysyllabic words – such as compounds – have accent 2 on the word stem, especially trochees. There is also an interaction between prosody and morphology, so that stem word accent is also determined by suffixation: the word stem båt (‘boat’) has accent 1 preceding the singular suffix -en (båt1-en) but accent 2 preceding the plural suffix -ar (båt2-ar). With regard to word embeddings, a frequent accent 2 word with a plural suffix like möten2 (‘meetings’) potentially contains mö (‘maiden’) and tenn (‘tin’), and the accent 2 on the word stem ensures it can also be heard as the compound mö-tenn (‘maiden tin’). However, the string möten1 with accent 1 can only be heard as two words, as in the phrase möt en ko (‘meet a cow’). Accent 2 has thus been proposed to be ‘connective’ (Elert, 1970; Malmberg, 1959): it signals that more syllables will follow, belonging to the same lexical item. A string with accent 2 can thus always contain other words, perhaps more so than accent 1, which might make it more difficult to segment – especially in the case of monosyllabic targets – than accent 1 strings.This study used a word spotting paradigm to investigate the segmentation of Swedish words embedded in non-word frames to determine how prosody and syllable structure interact to affect word spotting performance.MethodsNative speakers of Swedish listened to auditory stimuli – trisyllabic non-word frames – recorded by a native speaker of Central Swedish. They were asked to press a button when they heard a Swedish word at the beginning of a string, entering the word using the computer keyboard. Each participant heard 15 monosyllabic target words embedded in accent 1 frames (bal-ädi1 ‘ball’), 15 monosyllabic words in accent 2 frames (bal-ädi2), 15 disyllabic words in accent 2 frames (bagge-pi2 ‘ram’) and 15 disyllabic words in accent 1 frames (bagge-pi1). All target items were matched for word frequency. Word accent pairs were counterbalanced across subjects. There were 60 fillers, containing no possible Swedish words. For response times, only trials where participants spotted and typed in the correct word were included, whereas all trials were included in the accuracy analysis.Data analysis and resultsResponse times were analysed using a generalised linear mixed-effects model with an inverse Gaussian function and identity link using the lme4 package in R (Bates, Mächler, Bolker, & Walker, 2015). Word accent and number of target syllables were included as deviation-coded fixed effects with participant and item as random effects. The fastest response times were found for disyllabic words (e.g. bagge) in accent 2 frames, significantly faster than for monosyllabic words (e.g. bal) in accent 2 frames. Response accuracy was analysed using an identical model structure to response times but using a binomial function and logit link. An interaction between accent and number of target syllables showed that disyllabic words were spotted more successfully than monosyllabic words in accent 2 frames. DiscussionMonosyllabic targets were more difficult to spot in accent 2 strings, as shown by both response time and accuracy. This can possibly be explained by the fact that accent 2 strings can always contain other words, slowing down speech segmentation and recognition. It is also possible that the word accent triggers inappropriate syllabification, so that bal in bal-ädi2 is heard as the non-word ba (*ba-lädi), similarly to strong syllables signalling a segmentation point and prompting syllabification in English (Cutler & Norris, 1988).ReferencesBates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1). doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01Cutler, A. (2012). Native Listening: Language Experience and the Recognition of Spoken Words: The MIT Press.Cutler, A., & Norris, D. (1988). The Role of Strong Syllables in Segmentation for Lexical Access. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 14(1), 113-121. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.14.1.113Elert, C.-C. (1970). Ljud och ord i svenskan. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Luce, P. A., & Cluff, M. S. (1998). Delayed commitment in spoken word recognition: Evidence from cross-modal priming. Perception & Psychophysics, 60(3), 484-490. doi:10.3758/Bf03206868Malmberg, B. (1959). Bemerkungen zum schwedischen Wortakzent. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, 12, 193–207. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (1995). Competition and Segmentation in Spoken-Word Recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition, 21(5), 1209-1228. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.5.1209Suomi, K., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (1997). Vowel Harmony and Speech Segmentation in Finnish. Journal of Memory and Language, 36(3), 422-444. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.2495
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| 10. |
- Roll, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-activation negativity (PrAN) : A neural index of predictive strength of phonological cues
- 2023
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Ingår i: Laboratory Phonology. - : Open Library of the Humanities. - 1868-6354. ; 14:1, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose that a recently discovered event-related potential (ERP) component—the pre-activation negativity (PrAN)—indexes the predictive strength of phonological cues, including segments, word tones, and sentence-level tones. Specifically, we argue that PrAN is a reflection of the brain’s anticipation of upcoming speech (segments, morphemes, words, and syntactic structures). Findings from a long series of neurolinguistic studies indicate that the effect can be divided into two time windows with different possible brain sources. Between 136 and 200 ms from stimulus onset, it indexes activity mainly in the primary and secondary auditory cortices, reflecting disinhibition of neurons sensitive to the expected acoustic signal, as indicated by the brain regions’ response to predictive certainty rather than sound salience. After ~200 ms, PrAN is related to activity in Broca’s area, possibly reflecting inhibition of irrelevant segments, morphemes, words, and syntactic structures.
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