| 1. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut
(författare)
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Conversational maxims and principles of language planning
- 1991
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Ingår i: Experiments in speech processes. - Stockholm : The Institute of Linguistics, University of Stockholm. ; , s. 25-47
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Striking similarities can be observed between Grice's (1967) conversational maxims and Tauli's (1968) principles of language planning: In order to function well, a language must be such that it makes a well behaved conversation possible. Nevertheless, many ethnic languages as well as constructed interlanguages possess features which are incompatible with these principles. The paper contains an analysis of such cases: The compulsory expression of number and gender, which is in conflict with the principle of facultative precision; ambiguity and lack of distinctiveness in the names of the Latin letters; excessive length of certain morphemes; and restricted freedom to place sentence constituents in a pragmatically adequate order. The compulsory nature of certain distinctions, which cannot be understood on functional grounds, is ascribed to an excessive activity of "universal grammar", which is seen as one of the instincts of human beings. It is further shown that some constructed interlanguages (Volapük and Interlingua) clash with some of Greenberg's (1963) universals concerning the order of meaningful elements. While Esperanto is free from that type of deficiency, it is in conflict with the principle of facultative precision in the same way as most ethnic languages of Europe, as distinct from those of East Asia.
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| 2. |
- Eklund, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative study of male and female whispered and phonated versions of the long vowels of Swedish
- 1997
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Ingår i: Phonetica. - 0031-8388 .- 1423-0321. ; 54:1, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Confusions in vowel quality and in speaker sex for whispered and phonated versions of the long vowels of Swedish have been analysed. The recognition rate was higher than that obtained in other studies, and this is attributed to the use of real words (letter names). The recognition of vowel quality was observed to interact with that of speaker sex in the whispered versions, but not in the phonated ones. The paper also reports on F0 and the frequency positions of the first three formants, and their dynamics, as well as on the overall spectral shape of the vowels. Intrinsic pitch and the observed upward shift of the lower formants in whispering as well as the spectral level differences agree largely with those found in other languages. Similarities and discrepancies with previous descriptions of the Swedish vowels are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Syllable prominence : A matter of vocal effort, phonetic distinctness and top-down processing
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of EuroSpeech-2001. ; , s. 399-402
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this experiment, subjects had to rate the "prominence" of each of the syllables of 20 versions of the same utterance produced by men, women and children at various levels of vocal effort. The ratings were correlated with measurements of the SPL of the fundamental, spectral emphasis, vowel duration, F0max and F0 rise from the previous syllable. Together with ratings of the perceived vocal effort at which the utterances had been produced, these measurements were used to obtain the possible contributions of vocal effort, prosodic distinctness, and vowel duration to the perceived prominence. Together, these accounted for half of the variance. This was compared with the possible contribution of the linguistic structure of the utterance, which accounted for slightly more of the variance. The predictions of a model based on this analysis came closer to the mean than the average subject.
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| 4. |
- Krull, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of quantity in Estonian
- 2000
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Ingår i: Fonetik 2000. ; , s. 85-88
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An experiment is described in which the speech rate of a short preceding or following context was manipulated in addition to that of a vowel or a consonant that carried a quantity distinction. The results showed the durations of these segments and the speech rate of their left and right context to be crucial for quantity perception.
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| 5. |
- Krull, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of quantity in Estonian (Part II)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Fonetik 2002. ; , s. 57-60
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the experiment reported here, the speech rate of a short preceding or following context was manipulated in addition to that of a V, C or VC-sequence that carried a quantity distinction. The results showed that the durations of the other segments within the same two-syllable rhythmic foot and the presence or absence of a third syllable contributed to quantity perception.
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| 6. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Audiovisual perception of openness and lip rounding in front vowels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 35, s. 244-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish nonsense syllables /gig/, /gyg/, /geg/ and /gøg/, produced by four speakers, were video-recorded and presented to male and female subjects in auditory, visual and audiovisual mode and also in cross-dubbed audiovisual form with incongruent cues to vowel openness, roundedness, or both. With audiovisual stimuli, subjects perceived openness nearly always by ear. Most subjects perceived roundedness by eye rather than by ear although the auditory conditions were optimal and the sensation was an auditory one. This resulted in fused percepts such as when an acoustic /geg/ dubbed onto an optic /gyg/ was predominantly perceived as /gøg/. Since the acoustic cues to openness are prominent, while those to roundedness are less reliable, this lends support to the “information reliability hypothesis” in multisensory perception: The perception of a feature is dominated by the modality that provides the more reliable information. A mostly male minority relied less on vision. The between-gender difference was significant. Presence of lip rounding (a visibly marked feature) was noticed more easily than its absence. The influence of optic information was not fully explicable on the basis of the subjects’ success rates in lipreading compared with auditory perception. It was highest in stimuli produced by a speaker who smiled.
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| 7. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut
(författare)
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Clicks and the idea of a human protolanguage
- 2003
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Ingår i: Fonetik 2003. ; , s. 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In an earlier experiment, the effect of the speech rate of a short preceding or following context was manipulated in addition to the duration of a V, C or VC-sequence that carried a quantity distinction in Estonian words. In order to see to what extent and in which sense the observed perceptual effects are language dependent, the same stimuli were presented to Finns and a subset to Norwegians, representing languages with a different or smaller functional load of quantity distinctions. The results obtained with Estonian and Finnish listeners are compatible with a model of speech perception in which variations in speaking rate are reflected in the pace of an "inner clock" by which listeners measure segment durations. More ‘absolute’ and narrow scoped results obtained with Norwegians are compatible with such a model only if the inner clocks of listeners with a less demanding linguistic background are assumed to resist such influence to a higher degree.
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| 8. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut
(författare)
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Der Vokalismus im Ostmittelbairischen
- 1982
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. - 0044-1449 .- 2366-2395. ; 49:3, s. 289-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Traunmüller, Hartmut
(författare)
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Lippenrundung bei schwedischen Vokalen
- 1979
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Ingår i: Phonetica. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0031-8388 .- 1423-0321. ; 36:1, s. 44-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is there a steady transition between unrounded, 'outrounded', and 'inrounded' Swedish vowels, or are these distinct categories? By which articulatory parameters can these distinctions be described? These questions, actualised through confusion data in speechreading, are answered by means of articulatory measurements of lip-opening, lip-protrusion, and jaw-lowering in 4 subjects. It is found, i.a., that rounded and unrounded vowels form clearly separated categories, and that inrounded vowels, including /o/, are distinguished from outrounded ones by their smaller lip-opening and, if long, by increased lowering of the jaw.
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