| 1. |
- Ranisch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Ethics of digital contact tracing apps for the Covid-19 pandemic response
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic man- agement. These apps raise significant moral concerns. It is therefore crucial to consider ethical requirements before and while implementing such apps. Public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely under- mine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness. In response to these demands, to meet ethical requirements and find a basis for justified trust, this background introduces an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. However, even prudently chosen measures of digital contact tracing carry moral costs, which makes it necessary address different trade-offs. This background paper aims to inform developers, researchers and decision-makers be- fore and throughout the process of implementing contact tracing apps.
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| 2. |
- Heilinger, Jan-Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Public Health Ethics and Covid-19: The ethical dimensions of public health decision-making during a pandemic
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Covid-19 pandemic forces policy makers and public health authorities to make ethically challenging decisions, often under conditions of uncertainty and under time pressure. In times of pandemics, ethical accountability is more important, not less. Understanding and handling of ethical problems require grounding in ethical theory and decision models, in combination with relevant facts from medicine, public health, law, economics, politics, etc. The perspective of public health ethics includes considerations from all ethical domains of relevance in a pandemic situation. This foundational policy brief provides an overview of the fundamental ethical dimensions of public health decision-making in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. It references important existing ethical frameworks, some of which are based on extensive stakeholder vetting and public consultation. Its goal is to support decision-making that is justified and communicated as required by basic democratic principles and in the light of diverse values and norms present in democratic societies. These, however, may conflict with one another, making difficult trade-offs inevitable. Further policy briefs on specific topics will be consecutively developed by this ethics working group, including on ethical decision-making in policy and practice under conditions of uncertainty, ethics of vaccination, ethics of Covid-19-related contract-tracing apps, ethics of Covid-19 and age, ethics of experimental treatment, refugee health ethics and Covid-19.
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| 3. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Ethical aspects of pandemic public policy-making under uncertainty
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pandemic public policy-making requires far-reaching decisions in the context of severe and dynamic lack of information. This policy brief breaks down the ethical challenge of pandemic public policy-making under conditions of uncertainty into understandable parts, and elaborates how these may be approached in practice. A pandemic usually implies uncertainty about the spread of the infection, about its impacts for people and society, and the effects of policy measures undertaken in response to the pandemic. A precautionary approach is required, but precautionary reasoning must consider practicality, non-arbitrariness, proportionality and justification. Pandemic public policy making under uncertainty should avoid paralysis by limiting the space for precautionary reasoning; balance both uncertain harms and uncertain benefits; avoid false certainty bias; decrease uncertainty, while minding the price of precaution; take into consideration legitimacy but also public opinion and feelings; set, disclose and communicate underlying ethical values and principles; monitor and re-evaluate decisions and consequences. This paper is intended for those making and advising public policy decisions, including ethicists.
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| 4. |
- Brax, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The Philosophy of Hate Crime Anthology, Part I: Introduction to the Philosophy of Hate Crime
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this first part of The Philosophy of Hate Crime Anthology is to introduce the topic of its accompanying, second part, the annotated bibliography of the philosophy of hate crime authored and compiled by David Brax.2 Together, these documents provide a provides a guide to the philosophical and theoretical issues underlying hate crime legislation and policy. These issues are rarely at the top of the news agenda, but are important to the assessment of various more concrete and readily debated questions. They are, as we shall attempt to demonstrate, crucial in order to achieve well-founded hate crime policies. In effect, this bibliography purports to explain such connections and to present briefly the debates about the philosophical issues as they are conducted within different fields of expertise, with pointers to relevant reading materials and what these contribute to the discussion. The realisation of this aim is an outcome of the project When Law and Hate Collide, coordinated by the law school of the University of Central Lancashire, UK, and involving researchers from the Göthe University of Frankfurt, Germany and the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. This project was funded by the European Commission's Daphne III program (contract no. 2009-DAP3- AG-1221), which aims at providing the European Union with a strengthened basis for designing hate crime policies at the European level, as well as support member state initiatives of this nature.
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| 5. |
- Bergström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment Foster Care Oregon for seriously delinquent adolescents: A systematic review and assessment including economic and ethical aspects
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Approximately 2,000 adolescents are annually placed in residential care in Sweden due to their behavior problems. Those adolescents also have substantially increased risks of mental and physiological problems at time of care entry, while in care and in adulthood. An alternative to residential care is Treatment Foster Care Oregon, TFCO (previously called Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care). TFCO has been available in Sweden since the beginning of the 2000s. This report reviews and synthesizes the evidence regarding TFCO for seriously delinquent adolescents.
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| 6. |
- Raffoul, Alexandre Wadih, et al.
(författare)
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The climate crisis gives science a new role. Here’s how research ethics must change too
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Conversation. - 2201-5639.
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Young people across the world have taken to the streets again, demanding decision-makers at COP26 listen to the science. But if science is to live up to these expectations, a fundamental rethinking of research ethics in light of the climate and ecological crises is needed. The ongoing planetary crises create new ethical dilemmas for researchers. The three main principles of research ethics – do no harm, integrity, and responsibility – remain relevant to avoid wrongdoing. But these were formulated reactively, in response to scandals in biomedical research, and could not anticipate these new challenges. We are proposing a move from a negative ethics focused on avoiding harm to a positive research ethics. These new ethics are needed to guide the global scientific community in relation to civil society and politics during the climate and ecological crises.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kavathatzopoulos, Iordanis, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing health and moral stress in IT-based work
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Health and Moral Stress Questionnaire (HMSQ) was constructed with the aim to assess organizational learning processes and individual skills necessary for the handling of problems connected to five areas of activity: work demands, work task control, support, computer tool use, and ethics. The main hypothesis was that the existence of organizational learning processes and individual skills contributes to lower levels of stress by providing the knowledge needed to solve the problems arising during IT-supported work. The results showed that it is possible to construct a questionnaire to assess organizational learning and personal skills as a factor defining stress level at IT-based work. High levels of reliability were obtained. In accordance to our hypothesis five factors could be discerned as well as an underlying factor representing learning processes and personal skills.
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| 9. |
- Wagner, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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Multistakeholder Governance and Nodal Authority – Understanding Internet Exchange Points
- 2015
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study considers Internet exchange points (IXPs) as an example of governance processes in action. Internet exchange points are the points of connection between different Internet networks, which enable different networks to exchange traffic at a shared facility without cost to either party through a process known as “peering”. Three different IXP governance models representing large and influential IXPs are compared: the DE-CIX in Frankfurt, CAIX in Cairo, and KIXP in Nairobi. DE-CIX, the largest IXP in the world, is a subsidiary of the German Internet trade association eco, and is thus “owned” by the Internet industry in Germany. Though well functioning, this has meant that key stakeholder groups such as civil society, and the academic and technical communities are excluded from participating in discussions over policy decisions. In contrast, the Cairo Internet Exchange Point (CAIX) is run by a public authority, the Egyptian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Though it is governed by a broad set of stakeholders including private sector, government, and civil society representatives, its decision-making processes are somewhat opaque. Lastly, KIXP was founded by a Kenyan network engineer and is governed by a local trade association. While set up with multistakeholder coordination under the leadership of the private sector, its dayto-day operations and governance fall under private sector control. By tracing out the plurality of models used for IXP governance and comparing the processes of developing peering relationships, this case provides unique lessons for the governance process, particularly surrounding trade-offs between inclusiveness and effectiveness.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Smart City Governance - AI Ethics in a Spatial Context : Select papers from 2021/2022
- 2022
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This brief anthology presents the basics of the interdisciplinary course called “Smart City Governance – AI Ethics in a Spatial Context”, given at Lund University. Furthermore, it includes three papers and a task written by students from the class of 2021/2022 in order to show examples of the topics possible to analyse when combining engineering students from programmes on data, ICT and land surveying with students from the humanities or social sciences.Head of course is Stefan Larsson, Associate Professor at the Department of Technology and Society at LTH, Lund University. As a socio-legal scholar and lawyer at a faculty of engineering, he leads a group studying governance and issues of trust and transparency with autonomous and AI-driven technologies in domains ranging from the public sector to consumer markets, medicine and social robotics.Laetitia Tanqueray is a Teaching Assistant on this course, and canvas coordinator. Laetitia holds bachelors’ in English Law and French Law and a master’s in Sociology of Law. She is a project assistant at the Department of Technology and Society at LTH, Lund University, investigating questions related to socio-legal robotics.
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