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- Selliah, Amirthalingam, 1943-
(författare)
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Murukak Katavul Valipatu : A Study of the Worship of God Murukan in Malaiyakam on Ilam and in Tamilakam
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation highlights the continuity of murukak katavul valipatu, “the worship of god Murukan”, with its distinct characteristics, in the changing history of the island known as Ilam/Ilankai/Lanka/Ceylon/Sri Lanka. The institution of the worship of god Murukan in Tamil civilization is crucial to a historical understanding of the problems of the Tamil people in Malaiyakam where they have now lived since about 1800 (two centuries). The growth of the awareness of murukak katavul among Tamils in Malaiyakam – this mountainous landscape generates a new dynamic dimension in the religious and socio-political affairs in the history of Ilam. This investigation raises the problem of when, where, how and why the institution of the worship of murukak katavul in Malaiyakam was established.First of all, in the origin and development of murukak katavul heritage, the study presents some major characteristics of valipatu, “worship”, tiruvila, “the holy festival”, of Tirumurukan. Sacred onomatics and toponomy in Malaiyakam reveal the religious manifestations among the Tamils. The Tamil people express their belief and practice of camayaneri, “the way of religion”, not only in the family shrines, and in the temples of Murukan on the regional level. The Tamils also continue their camayaneri in the kurincik kumaran kovil in Peradeniya University. Furthermore, they are active in the great temple of Katirkamap Perumal, “the great lord of Katirkamam”, in mutur, “the ancient village”, of Ilam in the national-international dimension in the encounter with religions of the multi-ethnic Tamil-Sinhalese-Christian-Muslim-Vadda communities from the standpoint of yatum ure yavarum kelir, “all are[our] kin and every place is [our] village”. Hence, in this temple not merely the aniconic presence of Tirumurukan is experienced, but also this temple as “spiritual solace”, is ascribed to the evocation of “awe and reverence, love and worship among all types of people” who visit this abode of Murukan for “peace and solace”. Thus, Murukavel says, “do not fear, take care, I know of your arrival”, and bestows paricu, “gift”.Secondly, the study shows how Tirumurukan is referred to as the redeemer/liberator in the interrelation of religions and sociopolitics in the history of Malaiyakam. An attempt is made to show how camayaneri can play a vital role in the battle for liberation to achieve urimai, “rights”, in the prevailing milieu of violence, and suffering. Thus, the slogan “out of bondage” of the population of Malaiyakam became a reality. In the interreligious relation, this study also indicates how through Murukam, Caivam and Pauttam (Buddhism) were/are involved in the ongoing process of reinterpretation and transformation, a fact which provides new insights into the controversial issues of the island.Thirdly, the investigation aims at providing available date-information with a critical and viable interpretation of texts with reference to the study of religions. The study is based on Tamil texts and observations from field work in Malaiyakam of Ilam and Tamilakam. The texts used are: Nakkirar’s (2nd century) tirumurukarruppatai, “Directing on the Way to Holy Murukan”, Arunakirinatar’s (14th-15th century) tiruppukal, “the Divine Praise”, and, further, other relevant sources of the past which are the same as today, facts which the field work substantiates. The texts, however, constitute and preserve the continuity in the midst of transformation. The selected materials, in the form of transliteration and a new translation, are presented in an interlinear arrangement of mulam, the “original”, text.
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| 7. |
- Schalk, Peter, 1944-
(författare)
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Die Lehre der Befreiungstiger Tamililams von der Selbstvernichtung durch göttliche Askese : Vorlage der Quelle ÜBERLEGUNGEN DES ANFÛHRERS
- 2007
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reflections of the Leader is an important source for the research of Tamil patriotism in connection with the attempt among militant Īlattamils, i.e. Tamil speakers of the armed resistance on the island Īlam (=Sri Lanka), to achieve violently a state formation as protection and last refuge from the Lankan Government’s attacks. This Government holds on, also violently, at a centralised unitary state which cannot be reconciled with the aspirations of the Īlattamils, for first co-determination in the affairs of the state and then self-determination. As all negotiations from the 1970’s onwards have stranded, both sides have decided to let short-lived cease fires be replaced by longlived martial confrontations up to the level of total war. Both sides are concerned to push through ultimate values. The patriotism among Īlattamils under the leadership of Vēluppiḷḷai Pirapākaraṉ (1954-), leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam, comprises a complex concept of voluntary dying as central ideological theme. This theme is formulated by him among other sources in the book Reflections of the Leader that was issued by his organisation in 1995 and 2005. The way to the aim which is an independent nation state known as Tamilīlam passes allegedly under prevailing conditions, if the worst comes, through the voluntary death of so called Great Heroes, especially of members of the elite group of Great Heroes known as Black Tigers. They are expected to eliminate the obstacles that prevent the coming of Tamilīlam. Their making use of their lives as weapons is in this source (36:5) described as self-annihilation which again is described as godly asceticism. From that is constructed Self-annihilation as godly Asceticism as title of this submission of the source that contains the original Tamil version of Reflections of the Leader and translations in German, English, Swedish and Sinhala.***For an evaluation of the source, for explanations of key terms, and for a background in the history of ideas of this source the reader is referred to Einführung in das Buch Überlegungen des Leiters in this volume.Peter Schalk
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