| 1. |
- Lehrman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Framtidens mat - om husdjursavel och växtförädling
- 2014
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Du har kanske inte funderat över varför tomater ser ut som de gör, varför våra husdjur är så lugna och vänliga, eller hur det är möjligt att köpa en vattenmelon utan kärnor. Trots att växtförädling och djuravel har format det mesta vi äter, är det få människor som är medvetna om vilka vetenskapliga upptäckter och vilket omfattande arbete som ligger bakom maten vi lägger på våra tallrikar. Med den här boken vill vi ge en översikt över domesticeringens och förädlingens bakgrund, från jordbrukets början för mer än 10 000 år sedan till dagens molekylära arbete. Vi beskriver grunderna för genernas strukturer och funktioner, varför och hur olika avels- och förädlingsmetoder används och ger en inblick i lagstiftningen kring användning av genteknik i Sverige och EU. Vi ger också en överblick över olika produkter som tagits fram genom genetisk modifiering (GM) och en sammanfattning av de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av GM-grödor. Vidare diskuterar vi etiska frågor som rör avel och förädling i allmänhet och genetisk modifiering i synnerhet.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lehrman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Framtidens mat: om husdjursavel och växtförädling
- 2020
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Domesticeringen av växter och djur är en lång och ständigt pågående process som har format, inte bara de domesticerade arterna och landskapet, utan även människorna. Till exempel har utvecklingen av vårt immunförsvar påverkats mycket av den nära kontakt som funnits mellan människor och tamdjur. Förändringarna hos de domesticerade djuren har varit dramatiska, från den vilda djungelhönan som får två kullar med totalt 20 kycklingar per år, till dagens värphönor som producerar mer än 300 ägg per år. Och på hundra år har den genomsnittliga veteskörden ökat från 2 till 6 ton per hektar i många europeiska länder. Även om en del av denna ökning beror på odlingsmetoder, gödning och bekämpningsmedel, har den genetiska förändringen en stor del i framstegen. Genom ökad kunskap om evolution, förståelse för ärftlighet och upptäckten av kromosomer och gener har vi gått från ett omedvetet urval till avancerade förädlings- och avelsprogram. Vår ständigt ökande kunskap om mekanismerna som styr olika egenskaper kan användas för att skräddarsy vår mat. Tack vare dessa förädlingsoch avelsprogram har vi nu tillgång till friskare djur och grödor och producerar mjölk, kött och spannmål i nivåer som våra förfäder bara kunde drömma om. Med den här boken vill vi ge en översikt över de metoder och tekniker som används i arbetet med att utveckla husdjur och växter. Vi beskriver också lagstiftningen och diskuterar etiska aspekter kring användningen av genteknik i växtförädling och djuravel. Denna bok är publicerad inom forskningsprogrammet Mistra Biotech vilket finansieras av Stiftelsen för miljöstrategisk forskning (Mistra) och Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU). Denna andra utgåva är en förkortad version av utgåvan som publicerades 2014. Ett stort tack till Inger Åhman och Marie Nyman för synpunkter under arbetets gång och Karin Eriksson för ovärderlig hjälp med textbearbetningen.
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| 4. |
- Lehrman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Shaping our food: an overview of crop and livestock breeding
- 2020
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The domestication of plants and animals is a long and on-going process that has shaped not only the domesticated species and the landscape, but also the humans who have domesticated them. For example, the evolution of our immune system has been strongly influenced by the close contact between humans and domestic animals. The changes in domesticated species have been dramatic, from the wild red junglefowl hen raising two clutches of 10 chicks per year, to today’s laying hen producing more than 300 eggs per year. In one hundred years the average wheat yield has increased from two tonnes per hectare to six tonnes per hectare in many European countries. Although part of this increase is due to management techniques, fertilizers, and pesticides, the genetic component of such progress has been substantial.With an increased knowledge of evolution, the understanding of heredity, and the discovery of chromosomes and genes, we have gone from unintentional selection to advanced breeding programmes. Our ever-increasing knowledge of the mechanisms behind different traits can be used to customize the sources of our food. Thanks to these breeding programmes, we now have access to healthier livestock and crops, and are producing milk, meat, and grain at levels our ancestors could only have dreamed of. With this book we wish to provide an overview of the methods and techniques used in the domestication and development of new agricultural crop varieties and breeds of livestock. We also describe the legislation and discusses different ethical views on the use of biotechnology in crop and animal breeding.This book is published within the Mistra Biotech research programme, financed by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra) and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). This second edition is a shortened version of the previous edition. We are grateful to Inger Åhman and Marie Nyman for helpful comments on the manuscript.
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| 5. |
- Björnberg, K. E., et al.
(författare)
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The role of biotechnology in sustainable agriculture : Views and perceptions among key actors in the Swedish food supply chain
- 2015
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 7:6, s. 7512-7529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers have put forward agricultural biotechnology as one possible tool for increasing food production and making agriculture more sustainable. In this paper, it is investigated how key actors in the Swedish food supply chain perceive the concept of agricultural sustainability and the role of biotechnology in creating more sustainable agricultural production systems. Based on policy documents and semi-structured interviews with representatives of five organizations active in producing, processing and retailing food in Sweden, an attempt is made to answer the following three questions: How do key actors in the Swedish food supply chain define and operationalize the concept of agricultural sustainability? Who/what influences these organizations' sustainability policies and their respective positions on agricultural biotechnology? What are the organizations' views and perceptions of biotechnology and its possible role in creating agricultural sustainability? Based on collected data, it is concluded that, although there is a shared view of the core constituents of agricultural sustainability among the organizations, there is less explicit consensus on how the concept should be put into practice or what role biotechnology can play in furthering agricultural sustainability.
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| 7. |
- Bottani, Gabriela, et al.
(författare)
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Relevance of the production system for the sustainability of conservation and breeding programs for the Creole cattle in Pasorapa, Bolivia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Discover Sustainability. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-9984. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local livestock breeds play an important role in the food security of smallholders in developing countries in the Global South. They are also a reservoir of potentially valuable genes for adaptation of global animal genetic resources. The Creole cattle population from Pasorapa, Bolivia, is threatened by effects of climate change and unplanned crossbreeding. The aim of this study was to assess the current situation in this population and to evaluate factors to be considered before implementing conservation and genetic improvement programs in order to achieve the sustainable development goals 1, 2, 13 and 15, which refer to no poverty, zero hunger, climate change and life on land, respectively. We examined and analyzed the most important elements related to the production system and farmers' perceptions that could affect the design of such programs. Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and interviews were performed with 81 smallholders from 11 communities in Pasorapa. A rearing system based on two stages and animals feeding mainly on native plants during both, involves a strong interaction between the environment and the production system. A survey of farmers' perceptions about diseases, mortality causes, and selection criteria revealed that farmers in Pasorapa consider coat color an important trait when selecting breeding and replacement animals. Half of all interviewees perceived an association between coat color and traits such as temperament, milk yield, and beef production. In a SWOT analysis we discussed the vulnerability of the system to climate change impacts and the contribution of this traditional system to rural mitigation. Overall, this work revealed the importance of this local ecotype and identified key factors to consider when developing breeding and conservation programs.
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| 8. |
- Chalkias, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of novel candidate genes for the inverted teat defect in sows using a genome-wide marker panel
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1234-1983 .- 2190-3883. ; 58, s. 249-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of functional teats is an important selection criterion in pig breeding. Inherited defects of the udder, such as the inverted teat, do have a considerable negative impact on the nursing ability of the sow. To investigate the genetic background of this defect and the number of functional teats in Swedish maternal lines, samples from 230 Yorkshire pigs were selected for genotyping using the PorcineSNP60K BeadChip (Illumina Inc.), each pig with at least one inverted teat was matched with one non-affected pig (fullsib or pairs with matching herd and gender). A genome-wide association study on these 230 pigs was performed using the two-step approach implemented in GenABEL using 46,652 single nucleotide polymorphisms across all autosomes and the X chromosome. A number of significant regions were identified for the inverted teat defect on chromosomes 2, 10, and 18. Many of the regions associated with the number of functional teats were located in the same or close regions, except two associated markers on the X chromosome and one on chromosome 3. We identified some of the regions on chromosomes previously reported in one linkage and one gene expression study. We conclude, despite being able to suggest new candidate genes, that further studies are needed to better understand the biologic background of the teat development. Despite the in-depth comparison of identified regions for the inverted teat defect done here, more studies are required to allow a clear identification of genetic regions relevant for this defect across many pig populations.
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| 9. |
- De Koning, Dirk-Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic selection needs to be carefully assessed to meet specific requirements in livestock breeding programs
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Genetics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-8021. ; 6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genomic selection is a promising development in agriculture, aiming improved production by exploiting molecular genetic markers to design novel breeding programs and to develop new markers-based models for genetic evaluation. It opens opportunities for research, as novel algorithms and lab methodologies are developed. Genomic selection can be applied in many breeds and species. Further research on the implementation of genomic selection (GS) in breeding programs is highly desirable not only for the common good, but also the private sector (breeding companies). It has been projected that this approach will improve selection routines, especially in species with long reproduction cycles, late or sex-limited or expensive trait recording and for complex traits. The task of integrating GS into existing breeding programs is, however, not straightforward. Despite successful integration into breeding programs for dairy cattle, it has yet to be shown how much emphasis can be given to the genomic information and how much additional phenotypic information is needed from new selection candidates. Genomic selection is already part of future planning in many breeding companies of pigs and beef cattle among others, but further research is needed to fully estimate how effective the use of genomic information will be for the prediction of the performance of future breeding stock. Genomic prediction of production in crossbreeding and across-breed schemes, costs and choice of individuals for genotyping are reasons for a reluctance to fully rely on genomic information for selection decisions. Breeding objectives are highly dependent on the industry and the additional gain when using genomic information has to be considered carefully. This review synthesizes some of the suggested approaches in selected livestock species including cattle, pig, chicken, and fish. It outlines tasks to help understanding possible consequences when applying genomic information in breeding scenarios.
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