| 1. |
- Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth : a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2393. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Oxytocin is a key hormone in childbirth, and synthetic oxytocin is widely administered to induce or speed labour. Due to lack of synthetized knowledge, we conducted a systematic review of maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth, and in response to infusions of synthetic oxytocin, if reported in the included studies.METHODS: An a priori protocol was designed and a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in October 2015. Search hits were screened on title and abstract after duplicates were removed (n = 4039), 69 articles were examined in full-text and 20 papers met inclusion criteria. As the articles differed in design and methodology used for analysis of oxytocin levels, a narrative synthesis was created and the material was categorised according to effects.RESULTS: Basal levels of oxytocin increased 3-4-fold during pregnancy. Pulses of oxytocin occurred with increasing frequency, duration, and amplitude, from late pregnancy through labour, reaching a maximum of 3 pulses/10 min towards the end of labour. There was a maximal 3- to 4-fold rise in oxytocin at birth. Oxytocin pulses also occurred in the third stage of labour associated with placental expulsion. Oxytocin peaks during labour did not correlate in time with individual uterine contractions, suggesting additional mechanisms in the control of contractions. Oxytocin levels were also raised in the cerebrospinal fluid during labour, indicating that oxytocin is released into the brain, as well as into the circulation. Oxytocin released into the brain induces beneficial adaptive effects during birth and postpartum. Oxytocin levels following infusion of synthetic oxytocin up to 10 mU/min were similar to oxytocin levels in physiological labour. Oxytocin levels doubled in response to doubling of the rate of infusion of synthetic oxytocin.CONCLUSIONS: Plasma oxytocin levels increase gradually during pregnancy, and during the first and second stages of labour, with increasing size and frequency of pulses of oxytocin. A large pulse of oxytocin occurs with birth. Oxytocin in the circulation stimulates uterine contractions and oxytocin released within the brain influences maternal physiology and behaviour during birth. Oxytocin given as an infusion does not cross into the mother's brain because of the blood brain barrier and does not influence brain function in the same way as oxytocin during normal labour does.
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| 2. |
- Travis, Frederick, et al.
(författare)
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Moral development, Executive Functioning, Peak Experiences and Brain Pattern in Professional and Amateur Classical Musicians. Interpretation in light of a Unified Field Theory of Performance
- 2011
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Ingår i: Consciousness and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8100 .- 1090-2376. ; 20:4, s. 1256-1264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compared professional and amateur classical musicians matched for age, gender, and education on reaction times during the Stroop color-word test, brainwaves during an auditory ERP task and during paired reaction-time tasks, responses on the Gibbs Sociomoral Reflection questionnaire, and self-reported frequencies of peak experiences. Professional musicians were characterized by: (1) lower color-word interference effects (Stroop task), (2) faster categorization of rare expected stimuli (P3b), and a trend for faster processing of rare unexpected stimuli (P3a), (3) higher scores on the Sociomoral Reflection questionnaire, and (4) more frequent peak experiences during rest, tasks, and sleep. Both groups had high values on the Brain Integration Scale. These findings are interpreted in light of a Unified Theory of Performance, which posits that effectiveness in any area is influenced by one’s level of mind-brain development—emotional, cognitive, moral, ego and cortical development—with higher mind-brain development supporting greater effectiveness in any domain.
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| 3. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) abuse in combination with alcohol causes premeditated, grievous violence in male juvenile offenders
- 1999
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Ingår i: The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. - Bloomfield, CT, USA. - 1093-6793 .- 1943-3662. ; 27:1, s. 83-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on 19 juvenile offenders who were frequently intoxicated by flunitrazepam (FZ), almost exclusively under the brand name Rohypnol. Street names for Rohypnol tablets are Rophies, Ropies, Roofies, Ropes, Roches, Rochas, Rochas Dos, Rophs, Ropers, Ribs, R-25, Roach-2s, Trip and Fall, Remember All, Mind Erasers, Forget Pills, and the Date Rape Drug. An overdose of FZ gives an increased feeling of power and self-esteem, reduces fear and insecurity, and provides the belief that everything is possible. FZ is also associated with loss of episodic memory and with impulsive violence, particularly when combined with alcohol. The subjects were taken from a subpopulation of 47 male juvenile offenders from Swedish national correctional institutions. Background information for subjects was obtained by in-depth interviewing and personality inventories including the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scales, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Karolinska Scales of Personality. Data concerning previous criminal offenses was obtained from the Swedish National Police Board. Almost all of the FZ abusers had been previously sentenced for serious violent offenses. Our data suggest that FZ abused by psychiatrically vulnerable subjects (i.e., with high scores on boredom susceptibility and verbal aggression) poses a serious hazard both to the abusers as well as the community. Our results support the finding that FZ should be classified as a Schedule I drug (i.e., a drug similar to heavy narcotics).
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| 4. |
- Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during breastfeeding-A systematic review
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Oxytocin is a key hormone in breastfeeding. No recent review on plasma levels of oxytocin in response to breastfeeding is available. Materials and methods Systematic literature searches on breastfeeding induced oxytocin levels were conducted 2017 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Data on oxytocin linked effects and effects of medical interventions were included if available. Results We found 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria. All studies had an exploratory design and included 601 women. Data were extracted from the articles and summarised in tables. Breastfeeding induced an immediate and short lasting (20 minutes) release of oxytocin. The release was pulsatile early postpartum (5 pulses/10 minutes) and coalesced into a more protracted rise as lactation proceeded. Oxytocin levels were higher in multiparous versus primiparous women. The number of oxytocin pulses during early breastfeeding was associated with greater milk yield and longer duration of lactation and was reduced by stress. Breastfeeding-induced oxytocin release was associated with elevated prolactin levels; lowered ACTH and cortisol (stress hormones) and somatostatin (a gastrointestinal hormone) levels; enhanced sociability; and reduced anxiety, suggesting that oxytocin induces physiological and psychological adaptations in the mother. Mechanical breast pumping, but not bottle-feeding was associated with oxytocin and prolactin release and decreased stress levels. Emergency caesarean section reduced oxytocin and prolactin release in response to breastfeeding and also maternal mental adaptations. Epidural analgesia reduced prolactin and mental adaptation, whereas infusions of synthetic oxytocin increased prolactin and mental adaptation. Oxytocin infusion also restored negative effects induced by caesarean section and epidural analgesia. Conclusions Oxytocin is released in response to breastfeeding to cause milk ejection, and to induce physiological changes to promote milk production and psychological adaptations to facilitate motherhood. Stress and medical interventions during birth may influence these effects and thereby adversely affect the initiation of breastfeeding.
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| 5. |
- Jenkins, Samantha, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Spanning QTAIM topology phase diagrams of water isomers W4, W5 and W6
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 13:24, s. 11644-11656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structural and chemical properties of the small water clusters W-4, W-5 and W-6 are investigated with the theory of atoms and molecules (QTAIM). For the W-4, W-5 and W-6 clusters, nine, fourteen and twenty-seven conformers, respectively, have been analyzed. For the W-4, W-5 and W-6 clusters one, two and three of these structures, respectively, have not been reported before. We then proceed to extend the W-4, W-5 and W-6 water cluster topology space using QTAIM; the Poincare-Hopf topological sum rules are applied to create rules to identify the spanning set of conformer topologies, this includes finding three, ten and eight new distinct topologies that satisfy the Poincare-Hopf relation for W-4, W-5 and W-6 respectively. The topological stability of degenerate solutions to the Poincare-Hopf relation is compared by evaluating the proximity to rupturing of critical points of the gradient vector field of the charge density. We introduce a QTAIM topology space to replace the inconsistent use of Euclidean geometry to determine whether a cluster is 1-, 2- or 3-D. We show from the topology of the charge density that the conformers of the W-4, W-5 clusters are more energetically stable in less compact, planar forms, conversely the conformers of W-6 are more energetically stable with compact 3-D topologies. Quantifying the degree of covalent character in the hydrogen bonding for the W-4, W-5 and W-6 clusters independently verifies this finding. Differences in simple rules for the number of hydrogen bonds obeying the Bernal-Fowler ice rules between W-4, W-5 and W-6 reflect the transition from 2-D to 3-D structures being more energetically stable. In addition, we identify a new class of O-O bonding interactions that are up to 48% longer than the inter-nuclear separation and appear to be failed hydrogen bonds.
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