| 1. |
- Solinas, Giovanni, et al.
(författare)
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An adipoincretin effect links adipostasis with insulin secretion.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM. - 1879-3061. ; 35:6, s. 466-477
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paradigm for the insulin system focuses on the phenomenon of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin action on blood glucose control. This historical glucose-centric perspective may have introduced a conceptual bias in our understanding of insulin regulation. A body of evidence demonstrating that in vivo variations in blood glucose and insulin secretion can be largely dissociated motivated us to reconsider the fundamental design of the insulin system as a control system for metabolic homeostasis. Here, we propose that a minimal glucose-centric model does not accurately describe the physiological behavior of the insulin system and propose a new paradigm focusing on the effects of incretins, arguing that under fasting conditions, insulin is regulated by an adipoincretin effect.
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| 2. |
- Ambrosio, Fabrisia, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of muscle loading on skeletal muscle regenerative potential : an update of current research findings relating to aging and neuromuscular pathology
- 2009
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. - Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0894-9115 .- 1537-7385. ; 88:2, s. 145-155
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with a remarkable ability to continuously respond to environmental stimuli. Among its adaptive responses is the widely investigated ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate after loading or injury or both. Although significant basic science efforts have been dedicated to better understand the underlying mechanism controlling skeletal muscle regeneration, there has been relatively little impact in the clinical approaches used to treat skeletal muscle injuries and wasting. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of the basic biology of satellite cell function in response to muscle loading and to relate these findings in the context of aging and neuromuscular pathology for the rehabilitation medicine specialist.
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| 3. |
- Ebbers, Tino, 1972-
(författare)
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Flow Imaging: Cardiac Applications of 3D Cine Phase-Contrast MRI
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1941-9074 .- 1941-9066. ; 4:2, s. 127-133
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global and regional blood flow dynamics are of pivotal importance to cardiac function. Fluid mechanical forces can affect hemolysis and platelet aggregation, as well as myocardial remodeling. In recent years, assessment of blood flow patterns based on time-resolved, three-dimensional, three-directional phase-contrast MRI (3D cine PC MRI) has become possible and rapidly gained popularity. Initially, this technique was mainly known for its intuitive and appealing visualizations of the cardiovascular blood flow. Most recently, the technique has begun to go beyond compelling images toward comprehensive and quantitative assessment of blood flow. In this article, cardiac applications of 3D cine PC MRI data are discussed, starting with a review of the acquisition and analysis techniques, and including descriptions of promising applications of cardiac 3D cine PC MRI for the clinical evaluation of myocardial, valvular, and vascular disorders.
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| 4. |
- Adiels, Martin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetic Studies to Elucidate Impaired Metabolism of Triglyceride-rich Lipoproteins in Humans.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-042X. ; 6:NOV, s. 342-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To develop novel strategies for prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of dyslipoproteinemia in humans. Lipoprotein metabolism is a complex system in which abnormal concentrations of various lipoprotein particles can result from alterations in their rates of production, conversion, and/or catabolism. Traditional methods that measure plasma lipoprotein concentrations only provide static estimates of lipoprotein metabolism and hence limited mechanistic information. By contrast, the use of tracers labeled with stable isotopes and mathematical modeling, provides us with a powerful tool for probing lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in vivo and furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of dyslipoproteinemia.
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| 5. |
- Schagatay, Erika
(författare)
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Review: Predicting performance in competive apnoea diving, part I: static apnoea
- 2009
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Ingår i: Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. - 1833-3516. ; 39:2, s. 88-99
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since the first deep diving competitions were organized, there has been debate about when the ultimate limits of human apnoeic performance will be reached, and which factors will determine these limits. Divers have thus far surpassed all former predictions by physiologists in depth and time. The common factor for all competitive apnoea disciplines is apnoeic duration, which can be prolonged by any means that increase total gas storage or tolerance to asphyxia, or reduce metabolic rate. These main factors can be broken down further into several physiological or psychophysiological factors, which are identified in this review. Like in other sports, the main aim in competitive apnoea is to extend human performance beyond the known limits. While a beginner may extend apnoeic duration by getting closer to his or her personal limit, the elite diver can only extend the duration further by pushing the individual physiological limit further by training. In order to achieve this, it is essential to identify the performance predicting factors of apnoea sports and which factors can be affected by training, work that has only just begun. This is the first of two papers reviewing the main factors predicting performance in competitive apnoea diving, which focuses on static apnoea, while the following paper will review dynamic distance and depth disciplines. Great improvements have been made in all diving disciplines in recent years and the 10-minute barrier in resting 'static apnoea' has been broached. Despite this, current training methods and the strategies employed suggest that duration can be prolonged still further, and divers themselves suggest the ultimate limit will be 15 minutes, which appears physiologically possible, for example, with further development of techniques to reduce metabolic rate.
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| 6. |
- Fagman, Henrik, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Morphogenesis of the thyroid gland.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Molecular and cellular endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8057 .- 0303-7207. ; 323:1, s. 35-54
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Congenital hypothyroidism is mainly due to structural defects of the thyroid gland, collectively known as thyroid dysgenesis. The two most prevalent forms of this condition are abnormal localization of differentiated thyroid tissue (thyroid ectopia) and total absence of the gland (athyreosis). The clinical picture of thyroid dysgenesis suggests that impaired specification, proliferation and survival of thyroid precursor cells and loss of concerted movement of these cells in a distinct spatiotemporal pattern are major causes of malformation. In normal development the thyroid primordium is first distinguished as a thickening of the anterior foregut endoderm at the base of the prospective tongue. Subsequently, this group of progenitors detaches from the endoderm, moves caudally and ultimately differentiates into hormone-producing units, the thyroid follicles, at a distant location from the site of specification. In higher vertebrates later stages of thyroid morphogenesis are characterized by shape remodeling into a bilobed organ and the integration of a second type of progenitors derived from the caudal-most pharyngeal pouches that will differentiate into C-cells. The present knowledge of thyroid developmental dynamics has emerged from embryonic studies mainly in chicken, mouse and more recently also in zebrafish. This review will highlight the key morphogenetic steps of thyroid organogenesis and pinpoint which crucial regulatory mechanisms are yet to be uncovered. Considering the co-incidence of thyroid dysgenesis and congenital heart malformations the possible interactions between thyroid and cardiovascular development will also be discussed.
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| 7. |
- Tengholm, Anders, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Oscillatory control of insulin secretion
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0303-7207 .- 1872-8057. ; 297:1-2, s. 58-72
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pancreatic β-cells possess an inherent ability to generate oscillatory signals that trigger insulin release. Coordination of the secretory activity among β-cells results in pulsatile insulin secretion from the pancreas, which is considered important for the action of the hormone in the target tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying oscillatory control of insulin secretion at the level of the individual β-cell. Recent studies have demonstrated that oscillations of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration are synchronized with oscillations in β-cell metabolism, intracellular cAMP concentration, phospholipase C activity and plasma membrane phosphoinositide lipid concentrations. There are complex interdependencies between the different messengers and signalling pathways that contribute to amplitude regulation and shaping of the insulin secretory response to nutrient stimuli and neurohormonal modulators. Several of these pathways may be important pharmacological targets for improving pulsatile insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
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| 8. |
- Björnson, Elias, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Personalized Cardiovascular Disease Prediction and Treatment-A Review of Existing Strategies and Novel Systems Medicine Tools
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-042X. ; 7:JAN
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to constitute the leading cause of death globally. CVD risk stratification is an essential tool to sort through heterogeneous populations and identify individuals at risk of developing CVD. However, applications of current risk scores have recently been shown to result in considerable misclassification of high-risk subjects. In addition, despite long standing beneficial effects in secondary prevention, current CVD medications have in a primary prevention setting shown modest benefit in terms of increasing life expectancy. A systems biology approach to CVD risk stratification may be employed for improving risk-estimating algorithms through addition of high-throughput derived omics biomarkers. In addition, modeling of personalized benefit-of-treatment may help in guiding choice of intervention. In the area of medicine, realizing that CVD involves perturbations of large complex biological networks, future directions in drug development may involve moving away from a reductionist approach toward a system level approach. Here, we review current CVD risk scores and explore how novel algorithms could help to improve the identification of risk and maximize personalized treatment benefit. We also discuss possible future directions in the development of effective treatment strategies for CVD through the use of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) as well as other biological network-based approaches.
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