| 1. |
- Komorowski, Jan
(författare)
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Learning Rule-Based Models - The Rough Set Approach
- 2014
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Biomedical Physics. - : Elsevier. - 9780444536327 - 9780444536334 ; , s. 19-39
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rough sets are a mathematically well-founded approach to induce minimal rules from examples represented in the form of decision systems. Rough sets have been successfully used to build classifiers in many domains including lifer sciences. This chapter introduces the concept of rough sets in a semi-formal way accessible to a non-expert reader. Rough sets have several advantages over other approaches such as, for instance, human legibility of the rule models by non-experts, and the ability to represent combinatorial models. Other advantages of rough sets include data reduction and uncertainty handling. With help of examples taken from a very broad spectrum of bioinformatics applications of rough sets ranging from functional genomics, to proteomics, to transcriptomics, to epigenetics, to cancer and HIV research, this introduction explains the basics of rough sets. It then continues to more advanced topics in building rough set classifiers. The focus is on the process of developing a rule-based model, its interpretation, and statistical significance, which discern this chapter from many a text on machine learning. Finally, rough sets are briefly compared to other learning approaches including some statistical approaches. The availability of ROSETTA allows learning how to use rough set modeling in practice. A discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of rough sets ends this introduction.
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| 2. |
- Savelyeva, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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An Overview of Brevinin Superfamily : Structure, Function and Clinical Perspectives
- 2014
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Ingår i: Anticancer Genes. - London : Springer London. - 9781447164579 - 9781447164586 ; , s. 197-212
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antimicrobial peptides are the backbone of first-line defense againstvarious microorganisms in the animal kingdom. Thus, not surprisingly, they aregaining attention in the science and medical fields as a rich repository of newpro-drugs. Below, we focus our attention on the Brevinin family of anuran peptides.While most of them show strong antibacterial activities, some, e.g. Brevinin-2R,appear to be promising anticancer molecules, exhibiting better a therapeutic windowthan widely-use anticancer drugs like doxorubicin. We briefly introduce thefield, followed by highlighting the promising therapeutic properties of Brevinins.Next, we provide information about the cloning and phylogenetic aspects ofBrevinin genes. In the final paragraphs of this chapter, we discuss possible largescaleproduction methods of Brevinins, giving examples of some systems that arealready in use. Towards the end, we discuss various means of modification ofbiologic properties of Brevinins, either by chemical modifications or by aminoacid substitution and sequence rearrangements. In this context, also other uniqueproperties of Brevinins are briefly mentioned. Finally, we discuss the future of theBrevinin field, particularly highlighting yet to be answered biologic questions, likefor example presumed anti-viral and antitumor activities of Brevinin familymembers.
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| 3. |
- Dimberg, A., et al.
(författare)
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Cancer angiogenesis and vasculogenesis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Pathobiology of human disease. - : Academic Press. - 9780123864567 - 9780123864574 ; , s. 403-411
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing tumor is dependent on developing a functioning vasculature. Blood vessels can be formed through de novo differentiation from endothelial progenitor cells in the process of vasculogenesis or by sprouting or splitting from existing blood vessels in the process of angiogenesis. In this article, these processes are discussed in detail with a special focus on the signaling events that guide the development of a tumor vasculature. Preventing angiogenesis is a potential way of treating cancer, and many antiangiogenic substances have entered the clinic and are used as therapeutic options for certain cancers.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Brorson, Håkan
(författare)
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Fettsugning kombinerad med livslång kompression
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nationella riktlinjer för bröstcancer. Vetenskapligt underlag. ; , s. 238-239
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 33. Brorson H. Fettsugning kombinerad med livslång kompression. In: Nationella riktlinjer för bröstcancer. Vetenskapligt underlag. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2014. p. 238-239. [National Guidelines for Breast Cancer Treatment, The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare 2014]
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Dasu, Alexandru, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects and secondary tumors
- 2014
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Ingår i: Comprehensive biomedical physics. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 9780444536327 ; , s. 223-233, s. 223-233
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of secondary tumours as long-term effects of radiation therapy has gained increased importance as the life expectancy of cancer patients has increased due to improvements in detecting and treating their primary tumours. Current knowledge indicates that radiotherapy leads to a small but significant risk of inducing cancers which is often referred to as the price to pay for the effectiveness of this treatment modality. Nevertheless, the levels of incidence for the long-term effects of radiation therapy may be influenced by many factors that could be both treatment-related and patient-related and therefore proposals have been made to include risk estimations in the process of treatment optimisation. This chapter summarises the current knowledge concerning the induction of secondary cancers after radiotherapy and discusses their consequences for the therapeutic use of ionising radiation.
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| 8. |
- Modén, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Glutathione Transferases in the Bioactivation of Azathioprine
- 2014
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Ingår i: Redox and Cancer Part A. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780124201170 ; , s. 199-244
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prodrug azathioprine is primarily used for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease, but approximately 30% of the patients suffer adverse side effects. The prodrug is activated by glutathione conjugation and release of 6-mercaptopurine, a reaction most efficiently catalyzed by glutathione transferase (GST) A2-2. Among five genotypes of GST A2-2, the variant A2*E has threefold fourfold higher catalytic efficiency with azathioprine, suggesting that the expression of A2*E could boost 6-mercaptopurine release and adverse side effects in treated patients. Structure-activity studies of the GST A2-2 variants and homologous alpha class GSTs were made to delineate the determinants of high catalytic efficiency compared to other alpha class GSTs. Engineered chimeras identified GST peptide segments of importance, and replacing the corresponding regions in low-activity GSTs by these short segments produced chimeras with higher azathioprine activity. By contrast, H-site mutagenesis led to decreased azathioprine activity when active-site positions 208 and 213 in these favored segments were mutagenized. Alternative substitutions indicated that hydrophobic residues were favored. A pertinent question is whether variant A2*E represents the highest azathioprine activity achievable within the GST structural framework. This issue was addressed by mutagenesis of H-site residues assumed to interact with the substrate based on molecular modeling. The mutants with notably enhanced activities had small or polar residues in the mutated positions. The most active mutant L107G/L108D/F222H displayed a 70-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency with azathioprine. The determination of its structure by X-ray crystallography showed an expanded H-site, suggesting improved accommodation of the transition state for catalysis.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Tatin, Florence, et al.
(författare)
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Lymphatic vascular morphogenesis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis. - Paris : Springer Publishing Company. - 9782817804668 - 9782817804651 ; , s. 25-44
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lymphatic vessels participate in tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance by draining excess fluid and immune cells from tissues to blood circulation. Impaired lymphatic function can lead to tissue swelling, or lymphoedema, and associated complications, such as chronic inflammation and fat accumulation. The critical role of lymphatic vessels in a number of pathological conditions, including tumour metastasis, has led to an interest in identifying signalling pathways regulating lymphatic vessel development and growth. Here, we review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of lymphatic development and how lymphatic vasculature contributes to diseases.
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