| 1. |
- Swartling, Fredrik J., 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Signals that regulate the oncogenic fate of neural stem cells and progenitors
- 2014
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Ingår i: Experimental Neurology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4886 .- 1090-2430. ; 260, s. 56-68
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brain tumors have frequently been associated with a neural stem cell (NSC) origin and contain stem-like tumor cells, so-called brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that share many features with normal NSCs. A stem cell state of BTSCs confers resistance to radiotherapy and treatment with alkylating agents. It is also a hallmark of aggressive brain tumors and is maintained by transcriptional networks that are also active in embryonic stem cells. Advances in reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have further identified genes that drive stemness. In this review, we will highlight the possible drivers of stemness in medulloblastoma and glioma, the most frequent types of primary malignant brain cancer in children and adults, respectively. Signals that drive expansion of developmentally defined neural precursor cells are also active in corresponding brain tumors. Transcriptomal subgroups of human medulloblastoma and glioma match features of NSCs but also more restricted progenitors. Lessons from genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) models show that temporally and regionally defined NSCs can give rise to distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma and glioma. We will further discuss how acquisition of stem cell features may drive brain tumorigenesis from a non-NSC origin. Genetic alterations, signaling pathways, and therapy-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment can drive reprogramming networks and induce stemness in brain tumors. Finally, we propose a model where dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) that normally provide barriers against reprogramming plays an integral role in promoting stemness in brain tumors.
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| 2. |
- Walenkamp, Annemiek, et al.
(författare)
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Hallmarks of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours : implications for treatment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 1351-0088 .- 1479-6821. ; 21:6, s. R445-R460
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past few years, there have been advances in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and improvements in our understanding of NET biology. However, the benefits to patients have been relatively modest and much remains yet to be done. The 'Hallmarks of Cancer', as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg, provide a conceptual framework for understanding the aberrations that underlie tumourigenesis and to help identify potential targets for therapy. In this study, our objective is to review the major molecular characteristics of NETs, based on the recently modified 'Hallmarks of Cancer', and highlight areas that require further research.
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| 3. |
- Haraldsdottir, Sigurdis, et al.
(författare)
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Krabbamein í ristli og endaþarmi - yfirlitsgrein
- 2014
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Ingår i: Laeknabladid. - 0023-7213. ; 100:2, s. 75-82
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the Western hemisphere and the incidence increases with increasing age. Most colorectal cancers are localized with or without lymph node metastases. Up to 20% of patients present with metastatic disease, most commonly to the liver. Surgery is the only curative therapy for localized colorectal cancer and adjuvant chemotherapy is usually recommended for patients with lymph node metastases. Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are the key components of rectal cancer therapy. Selected patients with recurrent and metastatic disease can be salvaged with surgery but chemotherapy remains the mainstay of therapy for advanced colorectal cancer. Substantial progress has been observed in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in recent years.
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| 4. |
- Genkinger, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Dairy products and pancreatic cancer risk : a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Annals of Oncology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0923-7534 .- 1569-8041. ; 25:6, s. 1106-1115
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- .Pancreatic cancer has few early symptoms, is usually diagnosed at late stages, and has a high case-fatality rate. Identifying modifiable risk factors is crucial to reducing pancreatic cancer morbidity and mortality. Prior studies have suggested that specific foods and nutrients, such as dairy products and constituents, may play a role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. In this pooled analysis of the primary data from 14 prospective cohort studies, 2212 incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified during follow-up among 862 680 individuals. Adjusting for smoking habits, personal history of diabetes, alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), and energy intake, multivariable study-specific hazard ratios (MVHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random effects model. There was no association between total milk intake and pancreatic cancer risk (MVHR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.82-1.18 comparing a parts per thousand yen500 with 1-69.9 g/day). Similarly, intakes of low-fat milk, whole milk, cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt, and ice-cream were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk. No statistically significant association was observed between dietary (MVHR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.77-1.19) and total calcium (MVHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.71-1.12) intake and pancreatic cancer risk overall when comparing intakes a parts per thousand yen1300 with < 500 mg/day. In addition, null associations were observed for dietary and total vitamin D intake and pancreatic cancer risk. Findings were consistent within sex, smoking status, and BMI strata or when the case definition was limited to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Overall, these findings do not support the hypothesis that consumption of dairy foods, calcium, or vitamin D during adulthood is associated with pancreatic cancer risk.
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| 5. |
- Albrow, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake amongst young women : A systematic review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - London : Informa Healthcare. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 53:4, s. 445-451
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. In view of declining screening uptake in young women, this review aims to summarise the available evidence relating to interventions designed to increase cervical screening uptake amongst women aged <= 35 years.Methods. Electronic databases were searched and further articles located by manual searches. Study designs employing a valid comparison group and including women aged <= 35 years published through 2012 were considered. Data was extracted on the uptake from either screening programme statistics or as reported by the study subjects. A narrative synthesis was undertaken for each category of interventions identified.Results. Ninety-two records were screened with 36 articles retrieved for further assessment. Four studies met the inclusion criteria, two of which evaluated more than one intervention. One of the studies evaluated the use of a modified invitation letter and reported no significant increase in uptake compared to a standard invitation. Three studies investigated the use of a reminder letter, with two reporting a positive effect on screening uptake in women aged 24-34. Three studies were included which supported the use of physician and telephone reminders. One study on HPV self-sampling reported a positive effect when compared with a reminder letter.Conclusions. There is a lack of randomised controlled trials designed to specifically address falling cervical screening uptake in amongst young women. Cervical screening programmes need to look beyond the use of invitation/reminders letters in this group of women to develop interventions which attempt to overcome as many barriers to uptake as possible.
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| 6. |
- Mincheva-Nilsson, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
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Cancer exosomes and NKG2D receptor-ligand interactions : impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and anti-tumour immune surveillance
- 2014
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Ingår i: Seminars in Cancer Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-579X .- 1096-3650. ; 28, s. 24-30
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human cancers constitutively produce and release endosome-derived nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes that carry biologically active proteins, messenger and micro RNAs and serve as vehicles of intercellular communication. The tumour exosomes are present in the blood, urine and various malignant effusions such as peritoneal and pleural fluid of cancer patients and can modulate immune cells and responses thus deranging the immune system of cancer patients and giving advantage to the cancer to establish and spread itself. Here, the role of exosomes in the NKG2D receptor ligand system's interactions is discussed. The activating NK cell receptor NKG2D and its multiple ligands, the MHC class I-related chain (MIC) A/B and the retinoic acid transcript-1/UL-16 binding proteins (RAET1/ULBP) 1-6 comprise a powerful stress-inducible danger detector system that targets infected, inflamed and malignantly transformed cells and plays a decisive role in anti-tumour immune surveillance. Mounting evidence reveals that the MIC- and RAET1/ULBP ligand family members are enriched in the endosomal compartment of various tumour cells and expressed and released into the intercellular space and bodily fluids on exosomes thus preserving their entire molecule, three-dimensional protein structure and biologic activity. The NKG2D ligand-expressing exosomes serve as decoys with a powerful ability to down regulate the cognate receptor and impair the cytotoxic function of NK-, NKT-, gamma/delta- and cytotoxic T cells. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of NKG2D receptor ligand system in cancer with emphasis on regulation of NKG2D ligand expression and the immunosuppressive role of exosomally expressed NKG2D ligands.
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| 7. |
- Reed, Nicholas Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) consensus review for ovarian small cell cancers.
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1048-891X .- 1525-1438. ; 24:9, s. S30-S34
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small cell carcinomas of the ovary are uncommon and account for less than 1% of ovarian cancers. They were first recognized in 1979, and a number of reports appeared during the next 2 decades. They are highly aggressive tumors and usually carry a poor prognosis, although this may reflect that most are diagnosed at advanced stage; however, those diagnosed as stage 1A have only 30% to 40% of long-term survivors. More reports followed extending our experience in the diagnosis and management of these rare cancers. The classification is described below and shown in Table 1, but a revision is expected to be published from the World Health Organization in 2014.
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| 8. |
- Bogaerts, Eliene, et al.
(författare)
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The roles of transforming growth factor- similar to, Wnt, Notch and hypoxia on liver progenitor cells in primary liver tumours ( Review)
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 44:4, s. 1015-1022
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Primary liver tumours have a high incidence and mortality. The most important forms are hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, both can occur together in the mixed phenotype hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are bipotential stem cells activated in case of severe liver damage and are capable of forming both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Possibly, alterations in Wnt, transforming growth factor-, Notch and hypoxia pathways in these LPCs can cause them to give rise to cancer stem cells, capable of driving tumourigenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the role of these pathways in LPC activation and differentiation during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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| 9. |
- Garcia-Gonzalez, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiac regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates
- 2014
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Ingår i: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 321:1, s. 58-63
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The heart is a robust organ, capable of pumping nutrients and transferring oxygen throughout the body via a network of capillaries, veins and arteries, for the entirety of a human's life. However, the fragility of mammalian hearts is also evident when it becomes damaged and parts of the organ fail to function. This is due to the fact that rather than replenishing the damaged areas with functional cellular mass, fibrotic scar tissue is the preferred replacement, resulting in an organ with functional deficiencies. Due to the mammalian hearts incapability to regenerate following damage and the ever-increasing number of people worldwide suffering from heart disease, tireless efforts are being made to discover ways of inducing a regenerative response in this most important organ. One such avenue of investigation involves studying our distantly related non-mammalian vertebrate cousins, which over the last decade has proved to us that cardiac regeneration is possible. This review will highlight these organisms and provide insights into some of the seminal discoveries made in the heart regeneration field using these amazing chordates.
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| 10. |
- Patthey, Cedric, et al.
(författare)
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Signaling pathways regulating ectodermal cell fate choices
- 2014
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Ingår i: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 321:1, s. 11-16
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although embryonic patterning and early development of the nervous system have been studied for decades, our understanding of how signals instruct ectodermal derivatives to acquire specific identities has only recently started to form a coherent picture. In this mini-review, we summarize recent findings and models of how a handful of well-known secreted signals influence progenitor cells in successive binary decisions to adopt various cell type specific differentiation programs.
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