| 1. |
- Mardinoglu, Adil, et al.
(författare)
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The Potential Use of Metabolic Cofactors in Treatment of NAFLD
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 11:7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by the imbalance between lipid deposition and lipid removal from the liver, and its global prevalence continues to increase dramatically. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of pathological conditions including simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Even though there is a multi-disciplinary effort for development of a treatment strategy for NAFLD, there is not an approved effective medication available. Single or combined metabolic cofactors can be supplemented to boost the metabolic processes altered in NAFLD. Here, we review the dosage and usage of metabolic cofactors including l-carnitine, Nicotinamide riboside (NR), l-serine, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) in human clinical studies to improve the altered biological functions associated with different human diseases. We also discuss the potential use of these substances in treatment of NAFLD and other metabolic diseases including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases of which pathogenesis is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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| 2. |
- Hamer, H. M., et al.
(författare)
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Review article : the role of butyrate on colonic function
- 2008
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Ingår i: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 0269-2813 .- 1365-2036. ; 27:2, s. 104-119
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is a main end-product of intestinal microbial fermentation of mainly dietary fibre. Butyrate is an important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and plays a role in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis. AIM: To provide an overview on the present knowledge of the bioactivity of butyrate, emphasizing effects and possible mechanisms of action in relation to human colonic function. METHODS: A PubMed search was performed to select relevant publications using the search terms: 'butyrate, short-chain fatty acid, fibre, colon, inflammation, carcinogenesis, barrier, oxidative stress, permeability and satiety'. RESULTS: Butyrate exerts potent effects on a variety of colonic mucosal functions such as inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis, reinforcing various components of the colonic defence barrier and decreasing oxidative stress. In addition, butyrate may promote satiety. Two important mechanisms include the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation and histone deacetylation. However, the observed effects of butyrate largely depend on concentrations and models used and human data are still limited. CONCLUSION: Although most studies point towards beneficial effects of butyrate, more human in vivo studies are needed to contribute to our current understanding of butyrate-mediated effects on colonic function in health and disease.
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| 3. |
- Dominguez-Munoz, J. Enrique, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations from the United European Gastroenterology evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of chronic pancreatitis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Pancreatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1424-3903. ; 18:8, s. 847-854
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In collaboration with United European Gastroenterology, the working group on ‘Harmonizing diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis across Europe’ (HaPanEU) developed European guidelines for the management of chronic pancreatitis using an evidence-based approach. Methods: Recommendations of multidisciplinary review groups based on systematic literature reviews to answer predefined clinical questions are summarised. Recommendations are graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Results: Recommendations covered topics related to the clinical management of chronic pancreatitis: aetiology, diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis with imaging, diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, surgical therapy, medical therapy, endoscopic therapy, treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts, pancreatic pain, nutrition and malnutrition, diabetes mellitus and the natural course of the disease and quality of life. Conclusions: The HaPanEU/United European Gastroenterology guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations concerning key aspects of the medical and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis based on current available evidence. These recommendations should serve as a reference standard for existing management of the disease and as a guide for future clinical research. This article summarises the HaPanEU recommendations and statements.
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| 4. |
- Jansson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Toward quantifying the thymic dysfunction state in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease
- 2013
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Ingår i: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1078-0998 .- 1536-4844. ; 19:4, s. 881-888
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by a number of immunological alterations, not the least in the T-cell compartment. Numerous animal models of colitis have revealed aberrant thymocyte dynamics associated with skewed thymocyte development. The recent advancements in quantitative methods have proposed critical kinetic alterations in the thymocyte development during the progression of colitis. This review focuses on the aberrant thymocyte dynamics in Gαi2-deficient mice as this mouse model provides most quantitative data of the thymocyte development associated with colitis. Herein, we discuss several dynamic changes during the progression of colitis and propose a hypothesis for the underlying causes for the skewed proportions of the thymocyte populations seen in the Gαi2-deficient mice and in other mouse models of colitis.
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| 5. |
- Liljegren, G, et al.
(författare)
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Acute colonic diverticulitis : a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy
- 2007
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Ingår i: Colorectal Disease. - Oxford : Wiley. - 1462-8910 .- 1463-1318. ; 9:6, s. 480-488
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To appraise the literature on the diagnosis of acute colonic diverticulitis by ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), barium enema (BE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Method The databases of Pub Med, the Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched for articles on the diagnosis of diverticulitis published up to November 2005. Studies where US, CT, BE, or MRI were compared with a reference standard on consecutive or randomly selected patients were included. Three examiners independently read the articles according to a prespecified protocol. In case of disagreement consensus was sought. The level of evidence of each article was classified according to the criteria of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), Oxford, UK.Results Forty-nine articles relevant to the subject were found and read in full. Twenty-nine of these were excluded. Among the remaining 20 articles, only one study, evaluating both US and CT reached level of evidence 1b according to the CEBM criteria. Two US studies and one MRI study reached level 2b. The remaining studies were level 4.Conclusion The best evidence for diagnosis of diverticulitis in the literature is on US. Only one small study of good quality was found for CT and for MRI-colonoscopy.
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| 6. |
- Nyhlin, N., et al.
(författare)
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Systematic review : microscopic colitis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 0269-2813 .- 1365-2036. ; 23:11, s. 1525-1534
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are fairly common causes of chronic non-bloody diarrhoea, especially in elderly female. AIM: To present a systematic review of microscopic colitis. METHODS: A PubMed search using the MeSH terms microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis and chronic diarrhoea was performed. RESULTS: Annual incidence of each disorder is 4-6/100,000 inhabitants. The aetiology is unknown. Clinical characteristics are well described and there is an association with autoimmune diseases. Budesonide is the best-documented short-term treatment of collagenous colitis. In meta-analysis pooled odds ratio for clinical response after 6-8 weeks of treatment was 12.3 (95% CI: 5.5-27.5) in comparison with placebo. The evidence for bismuth subsalicylate is weaker and the effectiveness of other alternatives such as loperamide, cholestyramine, aminosalicylates, probiotics, or Boswellia serrata extract is unknown. Although unproven, in unresponsive severe disease azathioprine or methotrexate may be tried. No controlled trials have been carried out in lymphocytic colitis. The long-term prognosis of microscopic colitis is good, serious complications are rare and there is no increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of microscopic colitis are well described. Budesonide is the best-documented short-term therapy in collagenous colitis, but the optimal long-term strategy needs further study. Controlled treatment data of lymphocytic colitis are awaited for.
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| 7. |
- He, T., et al.
(författare)
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The role of colonic metabolism in lactose intolerance
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. - : Wiley. - 0014-2972 .- 1365-2362. ; 38:8, s. 541-547
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lactose maldigestion and intolerance affect a large part of the world population. The underlying factors of lactose intolerance are not fully understood. In this review, the role of colonic metabolism is discussed, i.e. fermentation of lactose by the colonic microbiota, colonic processing of the fermentation metabolites and how these processes would play a role in the pathophysiology of lactose intolerance. We suggest that the balance between the removal and production rate of osmotic-active components (lactose, and intermediate metabolites, e.g. lactate, succinate, etc.) in the colon is a key factor in the development of symptoms. The involvement of the colon may provide the basis for designing new targeted strategies for dietary and clinical management of lactose intolerance.
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| 8. |
- Valido, Ezra, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic Review of Human and Animal Evidence on the Role of Buckwheat Consumption on Gastrointestinal Health
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 5:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Buckwheat is a commonly cultivated crop with growing evidence that it is beneficial to gastrointestinal (GI) health. This systematic review summarizes the role of buckwheat in modifying GI health outcomes and microbiomes. Methods: Four medical databases and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Clinical trials, observational studies, animal in vivo, and in vitro studies with human and animal GI-derived samples were included. Results: There were 32 studies (one randomized controlled trial [RCT], one non-randomized trial, 3 observational, 9 in vitro, and 18 animal in vivo studies) included. In preclinical studies, buckwheat extracts were observed to have cytotoxic potential against human-derived GI cancer cell lines. Animals fed with buckwheat had lower GI mucosal inflammation, higher alpha diversity in the GI microbiome, and higher levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids. Human evidence studies and clinical trials were limited and predominantly of moderate risk of bias. The majority of in vitro studies with GI-derived samples and in vivo studies were reliable without restrictions in study design. Conclusion: In vivo and in vitro studies show that buckwheat may have potential GI benefits due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, human evidence remains limited, and its impact on health in humans remains to be elucidated in future trials.
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| 9. |
- Pasternak, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Doxycycline-coated sutures improve mechanical strength of intestinal anastomoses.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International journal of colorectal disease. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0179-1958 .- 1432-1262. ; 23:3, s. 271-6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: After resection and repair of the intestines, tissue degradation leads to weakening of the repair site and risk of postoperative leakage. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be responsible for collagenolysis in the direct vicinity of surgical sutures in many tissues. Several experimental studies show that MMP inhibitors administered systemically alleviate postoperative weakening of intestinal anastomoses. We hypothesised that local delivery of MMP inhibitors would achieve a similar effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implementing a novel method for the coating of biomaterials, we coated sutures with a cross-linked fibrinogen film and bound the MMP inhibitor doxycycline into this film. The sutures were then used in a standard rat model for evaluating mechanical properties of colonic anastomoses 3 days after surgery. RESULTS: The breaking strength of the anastomoses on the critical third day after operation was 17% higher with doxycycline-coated sutures compared to controls (P = 0.026). Energy uptake at failure was enhanced by 20% (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Drug delivery by means of MMP-inhibitor-coated sutures appears to improve tissue integrity during anastomotic repair and may reduce postoperative complications.
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| 10. |
- Karling, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Function and dysfunction of the colon and anorectum in adults: working team report of the Swedish Motility Group (SMoG).
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 44:6, s. 646-60
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symptoms of fecal incontinence and constipation are common in the general population. These can, however, be unreliably reported and are poorly discriminatory for underlying pathophysiology. Furthermore, both symptoms may coexist. In the elderly, fecal impaction always must be excluded. For patients with constipation, colon transit studies, anorectal manometry and defecography may help to identify patients with slow-transit constipation and/or pelvic floor dysfunction. The best documented medical treatments for constipation are the macrogols, lactulose and isphagula. Evolving drugs include lubiprostone, which enhances colonic secretion by activating chloride channels. Surgery is restricted for a highly selected group of patients with severe slow-transit constipation and for those with large rectoceles that demonstrably cause rectal evacuatory impairment. For patients with fecal incontinence that does not resolve on antidiarrheal treatment, functional and structural evaluation with anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound or magnetic resonance (MR) of the anal canal may help to guide management. Sacral nerve stimulation is a rapidly evolving alternative when other treatments such as biofeedback and direct sphincter repair have failed. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology as a guide to treatment of patients with constipation and fecal incontinence is a continuing important goal for translational research. The content of this article is a summary of presentations given by the authors at the Fourth Meeting of the Swedish Motility Group, held in Gothenburg in April 2007.
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